Difference between biomass power generation and domestic waste power generation



First, biomass and domestic waste

biomass, according to the definition of the International Energy Agency (IEA), refers to the various organisms formed through photosynthesis, including all plants, animals and microorganisms.

Biomass energy is solar energy stored in the form of chemical energy in the form of biomass, it has been one of the important energy sources for human survival, is second only to coal, oil, natural gas after the fourth largest energy, in the entire energy system occupies an important position.

Broad concept: Biomass includes all plants, microorganisms, and animals that feed on plants and microorganisms and their wastes. Representative biomass such as crops, crop waste, wood, wood waste and animal waste. Narrow concept: Biomass mainly refers to the agricultural and forestry production process in addition to grain, fruits, straw, trees and other lignocellulose (referred to as lignin), agricultural product processing industry waste, agricultural and forestry waste and livestock production process of livestock manure and waste and other substances.

Main components of biomass:

Sugar:

Common sugars are cellulose, starch, maltose and glucose. When the two glucose molecules are dehydrated, their molecules will join together and become starch, which is conducive to storage. The more glucose molecules that are dehydrated and aggregate to form a larger group, cellulose, this substance is relatively stable, and only certain bacteria in nature (such as biogas bacteria) can break it down into starch or glucose. Some glucose is converted into other substances by cells, participates in various life activities, and is composed of different carbon framework substances with different substances under different conditions.

Cellulose is the largest molecular weight of sugar, the human digestive system can not break it down, so it can not provide energy for the human body, but modern research has found that it is conducive to the survival of beneficial bacteria in the intestine, can promote gastrointestinal peristalsis, is beneficial to human health. There are bacteria in nature that can break it down into simple glucose.

Starch is a simple sugar than cellulose, is an important food and raw materials for human beings, it in the human mouth under the action of saliva amylase, is broken down into maltose, so people chew rice flour many times, feel a little sweet. It can be broken down into simple glucose for the body to absorb and use.

Maltose, which is found in our common beer, is a more complex sugar than glucose after the breakdown of starch.

Glucose is the simplest sugar, which can be used directly by human cells, and reacts with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water in living organisms, while releasing energy to provide energy for life activities. It is also involved in building cells, such as ribose.

Aldehydes

A carbonyl (C=O) group and a hydrogen (-H) group can be combined to form a new group, called the aldehyde group (CHO) group, the substance with this group is called aldehyde, we are quite familiar with formaldehyde, only one carbon in the carbon framework of the aldehyde, formaldehyde is an important feature is that it can make the protein stable, with anti-corrosion effect. It is also an important chemical raw material, widely used in industrial and cosmetic industries, at the same time, excessive unnatural formaldehyde can cause cancer. Formaldehyde in nature is beneficial to the human body, such as tomatoes are a good anti-aging food, it contains a trace of formaldehyde, this content determines its free radical removal characteristics. There is also formaldehyde in the smoke emitted by plants when they are not fully burned, so the meat that has been smoked can be preserved for a long time. In an artificial heart valve transplant, a cow's heart valve is treated with an aldehyde called glutaraldehyde and then transplanted into a human heart to improve health. Formaldehyde also causes a lot of harm to humans. According to U.S. authorities, five billion pounds of formaldehyde are produced worldwide each year. Decoration materials exceed the standard, cosmetics exceed the standard, and illegal use for food anticorrosion is also often reported.

Acid:

A carbonyl (C=O) group and a hydroxyl (-OH) group can be combined to become a carboxyl (COOH) group, the substance with this group is called acid, formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, fatty acids, amino acids are closely related to our life "acid". Formic acid, also known as formic acid, bees sting people, will inject a little formic acid into the human body, can cause local skin swelling and pain. Acetic acid is acetic acid, made from grain, because the starch in grain can be broken down into glucose, and then converted into vinegar under certain conditions. It has two carbon frames attached to it, so it's called acetic acid; If the number of carbon connected to the carbon framework is three, called propionic acid, people are familiar with lactic acid is a propionic acid, glucose can also be converted into lactic acid under certain conditions, such as human exercise, due to insufficient oxygen supply, glucose decomposition is not complete, muscles will produce a lot of lactic acid, making muscles feel sore; The human body is more sensitive to acid and will produce an uncomfortable reaction. Only the stomach has hydrochloric acid, which remains highly acidic. If the number of carbons in the carbon framework is multiple, and it is arranged in a row, collectively referred to as fatty acids; If you combine it with an amino group, it becomes a familiar amino acid. These acids are essential nutrients for the human body. From the human body's reaction to acid, it can be known that modern people through high-fat and high-protein food, the human body ingests a large number of fatty acids and amino acids, forming an acidic constitution.

Alcohol:

Under certain conditions, glucose can also become alcohol, alcohol is a carbon framework containing hydroxyl (-OH) substances, such as ethanol, is alcohol, in nature, ripe fruits may have the taste of alcohol, is the reason why glucose into ethanol, wine is the use of this change. Many alcohols in nature have special fragrances, and now people often say that plant essential oils are some alcohols.

Plants and animals on land must maintain water, water can not be separated from a substance, called "glycerol", it is the same family as alcohol ethanol, called glycerol, all have (OH) group, but each carbon atom of the glycerol carbon framework has (OH) groups, so it is called "glycerol". Glycerin is a sweetener and moisturizer commonly used in the food processing industry, mostly in sports foods and dairy substitutes. Because glycerin can increase the moisture content of human tissues, it can increase the movement capacity of the human body in a high heat environment. It is also an important chemical raw materials, it and nitric acid can become "nitroglycerin", is a kind of high energy explosive, at the same time, is also a kind of medicine, nitroglycerin is also commonly used as a heart tonic and anti-angina.

Once reported in the case of the second medicine, it involves an alcohol, called diethylene glycol, which can retain water with glycerol (glycerol), has been widely used in toothpaste and cosmetics and industry instead of glycerol, after the second medicine incident, indicating that the two alcohols in the human body metabolism results are completely different, the state also banned the use of "diethylene glycol" instead of "glycerol" in toothpaste. Those victims who died of kidney failure, it is their sacrifice, so that more people from the "diethylene glycol" harm.

Ester:

The acids and alcohols in the biological body will produce esters, widely existing in nature, such as acetic acid and ethanol can produce ethyl acetate, in wine, vinegar and some fruits have this special flavor substance, so the old wine and vinegar are very fragrant; Isoamyl acetate exists in bananas, pears and other fruits. Methyl benzoate exists in clove oil; Methyl salicylate is present in Holly oil. Triglycerides of fatty acids are the main components of animal and vegetable oils. Ester is the main component of wax.

Three fatty acid chains are combined with glycerol to form triglycerides, which is a kind of fatty substance. The oil we usually eat is composed of triglycerides, which are digested by the human body and broken down into glycerol and fatty acids, which are absorbed by the human body. Cholesterol, vitamin D and many hormones in the body such as sex hormones are fatty substances.

The sebum secreted by the human skin is also an ester, which can protect and moisturize our skin and has a unique body fragrance; Some animals can secrete special esters, such as musk deer can secrete musk. Most natural esters are beneficial to the human body and have a special fragrance, and most of the plant essential oils and flavors extracted from them are esters.

The longer the chain of fatty acids that make up the ester, the ester is no longer a liquid oil, but a solid wax; The longer the fat chain, the larger the molecular weight, it becomes a resin, such as rosin, tung oil and natural rubber, which are natural resins. According to this natural law, humans have made a variety of artificial resins and polymer materials, such as the familiar polyurethane resin and acrylic resin, to make a variety of plastic products. They are unable or difficult to be broken down by creatures in nature, causing a huge impact on the ecological environment, such as dioxins, white pollution.

Benzene:

There is also a substance called "benzene" is also widely present in the biological body, its carbon framework structure is six carbon into a ring, called "benzene ring", containing this "benzene ring" substances, most of them have a special fragrance, known as "aromatic" substances, in a class of fatty acid substances, carbon did not form a ring, known as "aliphatic" substances. Most ringed carbon frame substances are harmful to the human body, it can make protein precipitation denaturation, such as toluene, melamine these are "ring" substances, will cause harm to the human body.

We already know that some esters have fragrances, some alcohols have fragrances, and that scented esters and alcohols are generally beneficial to the human body. All aromatic substances, although also fragrant, can be harmful to the human body due to the existence of the "benzene ring". These two different types of aroma substances, the price and function are very different, in today's market economy, there are certainly people with cheap harmful aromatic artificial flavors mixed into expensive harmful natural flavors, which reminds people to pay attention when consuming.

Phenol:

The "benzene ring" in the plant body if combined with a hydroxyl group (-OH), it is not alcohol, but "phenol", widely present in nature in the bark and fruit of the plant, is the main component of tannin, it can make the flowers and fruits of the plant show a variety of different colors, is also the main component of many dyes. Phenols can combine with amino groups to stabilize proteins, and an appropriate amount of phenols is beneficial to the human body. Such as modern people often mentioned "tea polyphenols" "anthocyanins" and other antioxidant effects can remove "free radicals" substances, is such substances. Natural phenols, which exist in nature, are beneficial to the human body.

Benzene phenols and other substances extracted from petroleum by chemical methods, most can make people sick, such as the vast majority of dyes have this benzene ring, a few years ago Europe and the United States proposed that some dyes can cause cancer, listed some prohibited dyes, their people can not use these carcinogens. Therefore, some experts have proposed that undyed underwear is beneficial to health, and various colored cotton products have also become popular, reflecting people's attention to environmental protection and health.

Amine:

Amines are widely distributed in nature, most of which are produced by amino acid decarboxylation. The method of industrial preparation of amines is mostly by the reaction of ammonia with alcohol or halogenated alkane, the product is a mixture of various levels of amines, and the pure product is obtained after fractionation. The corresponding amines can also be obtained by catalytic reduction of aldehydes and ketones in the presence of ammonia. Amine compounds are also produced by catalytic reduction of nitro compounds, nitrile, amide or heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen in industry.

Amines have many uses. The earliest development of the dye industry is based on aniline. Some amines are necessary to maintain life activities, but some are very harmful to life, many amine compounds have carcinogenic effects, especially aromatic amines, such as naphthylamine, benzidine and so on.

The structure of the nitrogen atom in the amine, much like the nitrogen atom in the ammonia molecule, is connected to the hydrogen or hydrocarbon group by three sp hybrid orbitals, forming a pyramid, leaving one sp3 hybrid orbital occupied by a lone electron pair.

Second, domestic garbage

Solid waste refers to solid waste generated by people in their daily life or activities providing services for daily life, as well as solid waste that is regarded as solid waste by laws and administrative regulations. It mainly includes household garbage, market trade and commercial garbage, garbage in public places, street cleaning garbage and garbage of enterprises and institutions. China has issued the "classification of domestic waste" to make a detailed classification of domestic waste.

Third, the difference between biomass power generation and domestic waste power generation

1. The project nature of biomass power generation and domestic waste power generation is different

1) Project nature is different

Although the rules of biomass power generation and household waste power generation are the same in many aspects, ① are enterprise investment and financing construction and operation, ② must comply with the land use control system and planning management system, ③ according to the application, acceptance, review, decision process administrative approval, ④ enjoy financial subsidies (preferential electricity prices and local financial subsidies for processing fees), but the nature of the two is different. Biomass treatment is a private project, mainly pursuing economic benefits; Domestic waste treatment is a public welfare project, mainly pursuing public interests. Because of the different nature of the project, its organizational responsibility subject and the nature of the contract are also different.

2) The project organization subject is different

Biomass treatment is organized by the biomass producer, and domestic waste treatment is organized by the administrative organ, which has been stipulated in the Solid Waste Law (the Second Amendment in 2020). For straw, Article 64 of the Solid Waste Law (Second Revision in 2020) stipulates that the competent agricultural and rural departments of governments at or above the county level are responsible for guiding the construction of the agricultural solid waste recycling and utilization system, and article 65 stipulates that units and other producers and operators that produce agricultural solid waste shall take recycling and other measures to prevent environmental pollution; However, for domestic waste, Article 48 of the Solid Waste Law (Second revision in 2020) clearly stipulates that the environmental health and other competent departments of the local people's governments at or above the county level shall organize the cleaning, collection, transportation and treatment of urban and rural domestic waste, and can choose qualified units to engage in the cleaning, collection, transportation and treatment of domestic waste through bidding and other means. This is a legal provision made on the basis of weighing the private interests of agricultural solid waste disposal and the public interests of domestic waste disposal.

3) The nature of the project contract is different

The biomass power generation contract is an enterprise contract, and the domestic waste power generation contract is an administrative agreement (administrative contract). Since biomass power generation mainly pursues private interests (protecting private interests and balancing private interests and public welfare), and the main body of organizational responsibility is the biomass producer, then the biomass power generation project contract is the enterprise contract between the biomass producer and the processor, and the administrative organ has no administrative advantage right; Domestic waste power generation is different. First, it is a public welfare project (protecting public welfare and balancing private interests), and the second is that administrative organs have organizational responsibilities. In this case, administrative organs have the administrative superiority right granted by the Administrative Licensing Law. The contract for the domestic waste power generation project is an administrative agreement (administrative contract).

Because the nature of the project is different from the nature of the contract, the marketization index of the biomass power generation project is different from that of the domestic waste power generation project. Biomass power generation project is a fully market-oriented project. In the performance of the contract, biomass "resources" are completely allocated by the market (biomass resources here include not only agricultural and forestry farming waste, but also biomass domestic waste). Biomass producers and processors choose and bargain with each other in the market, follow the principle of value for money (the highest price wins), and finally reach a transaction; However, the domestic waste power generation project must obey the arrangement of administrative agreement on the selection of domestic waste "resources", and the domestic waste disposer must properly dispose of domestic waste unconditionally according to the administrative agreement, otherwise, the administrative organ can exercise the right of administrative advantage.