Regeneration of waste - biomass energy

3060 "double carbon" goal proposed to accelerate the upgrading of the domestic industrial structure adjustment and energy green low-carbon clean and efficient transformation and development, of which photovoltaic power generation, wind power, hydropower rapid development, nuclear power is also under the guidance of the national top-level design, there is a more clear development route. However, we should not ignore that there is another renewable energy, which is also shining for the realization of "carbon neutrality" in urban and rural areas, and it is the internationally recognized zero-carbon energy - biomass energy.

Biomass refers to various organisms formed through photosynthesis, including all plants, animals and microorganisms, present in our daily lives. Biomass energy refers to the storage of carbon dioxide by solar energy through photosynthesis and the conversion of chemical energy in biomass, that is, energy using biomass as a carrier.

It is directly or indirectly derived from the photosynthesis of green plants and can be converted into conventional solid, liquid and gaseous fuels, which is a renewable energy source and the only renewable carbon source. It is calculated that the energy stored by biomass is twice the current total energy consumption in the world, and when combined with BECCS (Bioenergy and carbon capture and storage) technology, biomass energy will create negative carbon emissions.

Biomass energy sources are wide, agricultural waste, wood and forest waste, urban organic waste, algae biomass, waste oil and energy crops can be used to produce biomass energy, mainly in power generation, heating, gas supply and other ways used in industry, agriculture, transportation and life and other fields, is other renewable energy can not be replaced. Specific applications include biomass power generation, heating, urban waste to biological gas, rural biogas, biodiesel and ethanol fuel, which is an important support for green transportation and green urban and rural construction.

At present, China's biomass resources are about 461 million tons of energy utilization, and the carbon emission reduction is about 218 million tons. The 3060 Zero-carbon Biomass Energy Development Potential Blue Book predicts that it is expected that by 2030, the use of biomass energy in various ways will reduce carbon emissions for the whole society by more than 900 million tons, and by 2060, it will achieve carbon reduction of more than 2 billion tons.

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Global biomass energy development

The rise and development of biomass energy originated from the global oil crisis in the 1970s, and it was favored by the world as a representative of renewable energy, especially in developed countries, and biomass energy was given an important energy strategic positioning. Countries around the world have promoted the comprehensive development of biomass energy through the formulation of corresponding policies and regulations, and the United States, Brazil, the European Union and other countries have a rapid development process.

Through a series of legislation, planning and policy formulation initiatives based on the Agricultural Bill of the United States, the United States government has established a biomass energy technology development system through federal funding, and has provided financial support for biomass energy-related research and biofuels to continue to promote the research, development and utilization of biomass resources.

According to the "2022-2026 U.S. biomass power generation market In-depth research and Analysis Report" released by the New Thinking industry Research Center, at present, the United States has established nearly 500 biomass power stations, and it is still growing, and the total domestic biomass power generation has also increased. By the end of 2019, the total amount of biomass power generation in the United States reached 7358MW, of which the waste incineration power generation market accounted for about 57%, which is the largest and most important component of the biomass power generation industry. In addition to leading the world in biomass power generation, the United States is also a major producer and consumer of fuel ethanol, the main raw material is corn, and some cellulosic ethanol projects are currently in operation. Also dependent on domestic soybean production, the United States accounted for 14% of the world's biodiesel production in 2019, ranking second in the world.

According to the Renewables 2019 Global Status Report released by REN21, Brazil's installed biomass power capacity in 2018 was about 14.7 million kilowatts, generating 54 billion kilowatt-hours. Brazil is a major producer of fuel ethanol, the main raw material for the production of fuel ethanol is sugar cane, sugar cane cultivation and fuel ethanol production produced a large number of bagasse, the use of bagasse power generation is the main use of biomass power generation in Brazil, according to statistics, the sugar industry provides more than 20 billion KWH of power generation.

Driven by renewable energy-related legislation, biomass power generation in the EU continues to grow. In 2020, the installed capacity of biomass power generation in Europe will be about 42 GW (of which 34 GW will be installed in the EU). The biomass power generation project is mainly based on cogeneration, through which the biomass energy utilization efficiency is greatly improved to meet the local electricity heating needs, while reducing greenhouse gas emissions and maximizing the advantages of biomass energy.

Germany, in particular, leads the world in installed biomass power capacity, thanks to the implementation of the Renewable Energy Act, which has promoted the rapid growth of onshore wind, solar photovoltaic and biomass power generation by establishing grid priorities for renewable energy and providing feed-in tariff subsidies. In Northern Europe, which is rich in forestry resources, biomass heating has become the main way of district heating.

The development of biomass energy in our country

In recent years, in order to promote the development of the biomass energy industry, our country has issued a lot of policies. For example, the "14th Five-Year Plan" Comprehensive Work Plan for energy conservation and emission Reduction issued by The State Council in 2021 proposes to accelerate the application of renewable energy such as wind, solar, and biomass energy in agricultural production and rural life, and orderly promote clean rural heating.

On June 1, 2022, the National Development and Reform Commission, together with the National Energy Administration and other eight departments issued the "14th Five-Year Plan for Renewable Energy Development", pointing out that to steadily promote the diversified development of biomass energy, the following four points are needed: Steadily develop biomass power generation; Actively develop biomass energy clean heating; Accelerate the development of biological natural gas; Vigorously develop non-food biomass liquid fuel, and actively develop cellulose and other non-food fuel ethanol.

China's biomass resources are restricted by the shortage of cultivated land, mainly in various types of residual and waste (passive biomass resources), mainly including agricultural waste, forestry waste, domestic waste, sewage sludge and so on. At present, the annual production of China's main biomass resources is about 3.494 billion tons, and the development potential of biomass resources as energy utilization is 460 million tons of standard coal.

1. Potential analysis of biomass power generation

According to the research of the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), the cost reduction space of biomass power generation equipment in the past 10 years is not large, and the main factor affecting the cost of power generation is the price of its raw materials. Although the cost of biomass power generation is much higher than that of wind power, photovoltaic and other renewable energy power generation costs, but the output of biomass power generation is stable, can participate in power peak regulation, if combined with heat storage, can participate in the depth of the power market peak regulation, the future in the power trading market to obtain auxiliary services, standby capacity and other benefits at the same time, can flexibly participate in the heat market, provide clean heat.

According to statistical analysis, it is predicted that by 2030, China's total installed capacity of biomass power generation will reach 52 million kilowatts, providing more than 330 billion kilowatt-hours of clean electricity, and reducing carbon emissions by more than 230 million tons. By 2060, China's total installed capacity of biomass power generation will reach 100 million kilowatts, providing more than 660 billion kilowatt-hours of clean electricity, and reducing carbon emissions by more than 460 million tons.

The development of biomass energy can also solve the problem of harmless and reduced disposal of all kinds of organic waste in urban and rural China. In the context of comprehensively promoting the rural revitalization strategy, the future development of biomass energy will need to take a "agriculture - environment - energy - agriculture" green low-carbon closed cycle development road. In the future, with the further improvement of the policy environment for the development of the biomass energy industry and the further improvement of the technical level, the diversified development and utilization of biomass energy may usher in new opportunities for vigorous development.

2, biomass clean heating potential analysis

Biomass clean heating is mainly used in industrial parks, industrial enterprises, commercial facilities, public service facilities, rural residents heating and other heating fields, the main heating methods are biomass cogeneration, biomass boiler central heating, household boiler stoves and so on. At present, China's biomass clean heating area is more than 300 million square meters. According to various types of data, it is estimated that the current national biomass heat supply exceeds 300 million GJ, and voluntary emission reduction exceeds 30 million tons.

From the current county environmental development point of view, biomass thermal power, heating, biological natural gas can directly replace traditional fossil energy such as bulk coal on the consumption side, the use of biomass resources according to local conditions, has a revolutionary impact on promoting rural production and life energy use, provide rural residents with stable and cheap clean renewable energy, and enjoy no difference in energy use services with urban residents.

3. Potential analysis of biological gas

Biological natural gas is a green, low-carbon, clean and renewable natural gas produced by anaerobic fermentation, purification and purification from various urban and rural organic wastes such as crop stalks, livestock manure, kitchen waste, agricultural and sideline-processing wastewater, etc.

According to the "Guiding Opinions on Promoting the Development of Bio-gas Industrialization" issued by ten ministries and commissions in December 2019, the development goal of exceeding 20 billion cubic meters of bio-gas annual output by 2030 is proposed. By then, it will account for about 5% of natural gas consumption and is expected to reduce carbon emissions by more than 60 million tons. If the production of biological natural gas can reach 100 billion cubic meters by 2060, it will greatly ease the tension of natural gas in China, and contribute more than 300 million tons of carbon emission reduction.

4. Potential analysis of biomass liquid fuel

In the field of transportation, biomass liquid fuel has great potential for development. Fuel ethanol can effectively replace fossil gasoline, biodiesel can replace fossil diesel, and biological aviation kerosene has also been applied in the aviation field. By replacing fossil oil with biomass liquid fuel, a new way to reduce carbon emissions in the transportation sector is developed.

According to statistics, in 2020, China's fuel ethanol production will reach 2.74 million tons, and the apparent consumption will be about 2.77 million tons. In July 2021, the National Energy Administration issued the "Guidance on Energy Work in 2021" clearly proposed that it is necessary to accelerate the demonstration of non-food biofuel ethanol industry such as cellulose, and pointed out that the development of cellulosic fuel ethanol will be the key direction of biofuel ethanol.

At present, the production cost of bio-liquid fuel is still high, which is an important reason restricting the development. According to research and calculation, the current cost of fuel ethanol and biodiesel is about 6,000 yuan, which is not competitive in the market, but its cost is still lower than the cost of hydrogen energy. If the future of straw as raw materials of the second generation of fuel ethanol can achieve technological breakthroughs, is expected to reduce the cost of about 40%, there will be a large space for development.

According to the forecast, from now to around 2030, fuel ethanol and biodiesel will be one of the important ways to reduce emissions in road transport, and bio-aviation fuel will gradually be used in the aviation field. More than 25 million tons of liquid biofuel are expected to be used, reducing emissions by about 180 million tons in the transportation sector. After 2030, electric vehicles and hydrogen fuel vehicles will become the main force of road transport, and bio-aviation fuel will account for 30% of the use in the aviation field, and the total use of bio-liquid fuel will reach 70 million tons, reducing about 400 million tons in the transportation field.

The development of biomass energy in the modern energy system will not only promote the large-scale development of agriculture, but also play a positive role in addressing climate change, energy shortage and environmental pollution. In the future, with the further improvement of the policy environment for the development of the biomass energy industry and the further improvement of the technical level, the diversified development and utilization of biomass energy may usher in new opportunities for vigorous development.