China's new energy and renewable energy development Program

As the foundation of the national economy, the energy industry is extremely important for social and economic development and the improvement of people's quality of life. In the rapid growth of the economic environment, China's energy industry is facing the double pressure of economic growth and environmental protection.

More and more countries in the world have realized that a sustainable society should be one that meets the needs of society without endangering the future of future generations. Therefore, saving energy, improving energy efficiency, and replacing high-carbon fossil fuels with clean energy as much as possible are the principles followed by China's energy construction.

China is the world's largest producer and consumer of coal, coal accounts for about 76% of commodity energy consumption, has become the main source of air pollution in China. Vigorously developing new and renewable energy utilization technologies such as solar energy, wind energy, biomass energy, geothermal energy and ocean energy will become one of the important measures to reduce environmental pollution.

China is the largest developing country in the world, with more than 900 million people living in rural areas. The shortage of rural energy and the low utilization level have seriously hindered the development of rural economy and society. So far, there are still 120 million people without electricity; 5-8% of the population does not have access to clean drinking water; About 70 million people live below the poverty line. In addition, due to the shortage of fuel in rural areas, excessive woodcutting of forests, destruction of vegetation, and deterioration of the ecological environment. In light of local conditions, vigorously develop and utilize new and renewable energy sources, especially converting them into high-quality electric energy, to provide lighting, television, water pumps and other power sources for remote, remote and island areas that lack electricity and have no electricity, to help these areas get rid of poverty and achieve balanced development of the rural economy and the ecological environment, which is of great significance to the realization of a moderately prosperous society. It is also an important part of the implementation of the "Eight Seven" poverty alleviation plan.

From the perspective of long-term energy development strategy, China must seek a sustainable development of energy road. New energy and renewable energy produce no or little pollution to the environment, which is not only a much-needed supplementary energy in the near future, but also the basis of the future energy structure.

The Chinese government has always been concerned about the development and utilization of new and renewable energy. After the United Nations Global Conference on Environment and Development in 1992, The State Council put forward 10 countermeasures and measures for China's environment and development, and clearly stated that "according to local conditions, the development and promotion of solar energy, wind energy, geothermal energy, tidal energy, biomass energy and other clean energy."

China is the first country in the world to complete the report on China's Agenda 21. In terms of scientific and technological research, demonstration and promotion, the national "Sixth Five-Year Plan", "Seventh Five-Year Plan" and "eighth Five-Year Plan" scientific and technological research have arranged new energy and renewable energy projects. However, because the amount of funds invested in this field is too small, and the actual need is far from, although the research and demonstration of a single technology has made progress, but the development level of new energy and renewable energy system technology is still a big gap with developed countries, and the intensity of capital investment is even worse than some developing countries.

China is rich in new energy and renewable energy resources, and has made great progress in its development and utilization, laying a good foundation for further development. Internationally, new energy and renewable energy technologies have received more and more attention and frequent exchanges. Therefore, it is necessary to seize the current development opportunities and formulate the "1996-2010 new energy and renewable energy development program, which will have a significant and far-reaching impact on the sustainable and coordinated development of China's economy, society and environment."

Current situation and gap

1. Overview of foreign countries

Since the 1970s, in view of the limited nature of conventional energy resources and the increasing environmental pressure, many countries in the world have re-strengthened their support for the development of new energy and renewable energy technologies. In 1973, the United States formulated a government-level solar power generation plan, and in 1980, photovoltaic power generation was officially included in public power planning, with a cumulative investment of more than $800 million. In 1992, the United States government issued a new plan to support the development of photovoltaic power generation, aiming to make the total output of solar power in the United States by 2000 to reach 1,400 megawatts, about 10 times the current total use of solar cells in the world. In the 1994 budget of the Clinton administration, the budget for photovoltaic power generation reached more than 78 million US dollars, an increase of 23.4% over 1993. Japan, Germany and other European Community countries and some developing countries have also formulated national development plans or plans, significantly increasing the investment in the development and utilization of new and renewable energy.

At the same time, many countries are also taking policy measures to encourage the development and use of clean energy. For example, the Danish government gives 100% of the installation cost to users who install wind turbines, and then gradually reduces it until it is completely eliminated with the progress of wind power generation technology.

In recent years, the international development and utilization of new energy and renewable energy has made great progress. So far, the annual sales volume of solar cells in the world has exceeded 60 MW, the battery conversion efficiency has increased to more than 15%, and the system cost and power generation cost have been reduced to 4 US dollars/peak watt and 25 cents/KWH, respectively. In terms of solar heat utilization, due to the increasing maturity of technology and the increasing scale of application, the annual sales of solar water heaters in the United States alone are more than $1 billion. Solar thermal power generation has also made breakthroughs in technology, and more than 20 large-scale solar thermal power stations are currently in operation or construction.

The rapid progress of wind power technology has basically achieved large-scale production and application. By the end of 1992, the installed capacity of wind power in the world had reached 2.7 million kilowatts, generating 4.7 billion kilowatts of electricity. In recent years, the United States and some European countries are actively developing third-generation wind turbines. This unit has the advantages of light weight, large capacity per unit area, high reliability, low installation cost, and the power generation cost will be reduced to 4-5 cents/KWH.

Biomass energy as a low-carbon energy technology has been widely valued. Britain, Germany, France, Japan, the United States and the former Soviet Union and other countries used anaerobic digestion technology to treat urban and factory sewage as early as the 1950s, which not only controlled pollution, but also obtained energy. Rice husks, bagasse and other agricultural and forestry waste, direct power generation or through pyrolysis gasification heating power generation devices in North America, Western Europe, Japan and Brazil and many other regions and countries are common, in the United States has nearly 4 million kilowatts of installed capacity; The use of liquefaction technology to convert biomass into liquid fuel instead of oil is a long-term desire of scientists, and has been realized in Pakistan, the United States and other countries in the 1980s.

Hydrogen energy as a pollution-free clean energy and energy carrier, in recent years, its development and utilization technology has been highly valued in industrialized countries, and a lot of financial resources have been invested in research work, such as Japan's "Sunshine program" has formulated hydrogen energy development plan, Canada uses rich hydraulic resources to develop and utilize hydrogen energy by electrolysis, and in Europe, nuclear energy is used to develop hydrogen energy technology. By using solar energy, the United States plans to build an urban hydrogen supply system for 300,000 fuel cell vehicles by 2020, and can greatly reduce vehicle energy consumption. The application of hydrogen energy is expected to develop rapidly in the 21st century.

2. Domestic situation

China is rich in new and renewable energy resources: hydropower exploitable resources of 378 million kilowatts, has been developed and utilized 11%; Bio-intelligent resources, including crop stalks, fuelwood and various organic wastes, use about 260 million tons of standard coal, accounting for 70% of rural domestic energy consumption and 50% of the entire energy use; In China's territory of about 6 million square kilometers, the annual total radiation of solar energy exceeds 600,000 joules/square centimeter, and the development and utilization prospects are broad. The total amount of wind energy resources is 1.6 billion kilowatts, about 10% of which can be developed and utilized. The geothermal resources need to be further explored. Currently, the proven geothermal reserves are about 462.6 billion tons of standard coal, and only about one hundred thousand of them are currently used. China is also rich in Marine energy resources, of which more than 20 million kilowatts of tidal energy can be developed.

In the past 20 years, the development and utilization of new energy and renewable energy in China has made great progress, and has become an indispensable part of the real energy system. At present, various types of new energy and renewable energy provide about 300 million tons of standard coal (most of which are biomass energy, which is not included in the current commodity energy statistics), which has played an important role in promoting national economic development and meeting the energy needs of the vast rural and remote areas of people's lives, mainly reflected in:

(1) The development and utilization of small hydropower has achieved world-recognized achievements. By the end of 1993, there were more than 60,000 small hydropower stations in operation nationwide. At present, 97 percent of townships, 92 percent of villages and 87 percent of rural households had access to electricity. As an effective rural energy source, small hydropower plays an important role in the process of realizing rural electrification in China. 109 counties have realized primary rural electrification, and 200 counties are carrying out the second batch of primary rural electrification construction.

(2) The construction of fuelwood forests and the development of fuelwood energy have made remarkable progress in the 13 years since the "Sixth Five-Year Plan". The country has built more than 4.72 million hectares of fuelwood forests, making the total area of China's fuelwood forests reach 5.4 million hectares, and other forests produce about 100 million tons of standard coal annually. The development of fuelwood forests has played a positive role in alleviating the local rural energy shortage, protecting forest resources, forest and grass vegetation cover and ecological environment, and promoting rural economic development.

New developments have been made in the utilization of biomass energy. More than half of the country's farmers have popularized high-efficiency and fuel-saving stoves, which can save 1/3 to 1/2 of fuel consumption every year. Household biogas has overcome the ups and downs in history and entered a stage of stable development, with an annual output of more than 1.2 billion cubic meters of gas in 5.25 million biogas digesters nationwide. As an energy and environmental protection technology, large and medium-sized biogas projects have sprung up and developed rapidly, with more than 600 places of more than 100 cubic meters; The centralized gas supply has reached 84,000 households, and the comprehensive utilization of biogas is closely integrated with ecological agriculture and sustainable rural development, and is booming. In recent years, in order to further improve the utilization of biomass energy technology and improve the utilization efficiency, the research and development of new technologies such as converting agricultural and forestry wastes such as straw into high-quality gases and liquefied fuels has been carried out, and some demonstration projects have been built.

(3) The utilization of solar energy technology has entered a new stage of development. In terms of domestic solar heat utilization, there are mainly solar water heaters, solar stoves, passive solar houses and solar dryers. After the efforts of the past ten years, China's solar thermal utilization in these four areas of technology has been basically passed, scientific and technological achievements to varying degrees into small batch production, with a certain amount of promotion and application coverage, in alleviating the local conventional energy shortage and reducing ecological and environmental deterioration has received effective results. According to incomplete statistics in 1993, the country has promoted solar water heaters of 2.3 million square meters, passive solar houses of 1.8 million square meters, solar crop greenhouses of 342,000 hectares, solar stoves of 140,000 units, solar dryers of 13,200 square meters, and has maintained a momentum of development. Domestic solar water heaters can save an average of 100 to 150 kilograms of standard coal per square meter per year, and passive solar houses can save an average of 20 kilograms per square meter of construction area in the heating period. 40 kg of standard coal, each solar stove can save 500-700 kg of firewood per year, energy saving and social benefits are very obvious.

The application of solar photovoltaic power generation in China began in the 1970s, but it was not until 1982 that it really developed, and seven solar cell production lines were introduced from the United States, Canada and other countries in just a few years from 1983 to 1987. The production capacity of solar cells in China jumped from 200 kilowatts per year before 1984 to 4.5 megawatts in 1988. In terms of application, China's current solar cells are mainly used in communication systems and remote areas without electricity, with annual sales of about 1.1 megawatts. In particular, there are still 28 counties without electricity, thousands of villages without electricity, thousands of islands without electricity, photovoltaic power generation has and will play a more effective role in solving the problem of power supply in these remote and deviant areas. At present, among the nine non-hydraulic and non-electric counties in Tibet, two photovoltaic power stations with a power of 10 kilowatts and 20 kilowatts have been built, and the remaining seven have been included in the national plan and are under construction. In terms of solar cell research, the efficiency of practical monocrystalline silicon cells is 12 to 13%, polycrystalline silicon cells are 9 to 10%, and amorphous silicon cells are 5 to 6%. Although the laboratory level of high-efficiency silicon cells and amorphous cells is not much different from that of foreign countries, it is much worse in terms of conversion to productivity, and the research of some new and potential solar cells is still blank in China.

(4) Development and utilization of wind energy continued. China's total installed wind power capacity reached 26,000 kilowatts. Since the 1980s, 50 watts to 200 watts of micro wind power chassis has been successfully developed and put into mass production, at present, about 120,000 units in Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, Qinghai and other pastoral grasslands and coastal areas without power grid operation, to solve the problem of fishing, herdsmen watching TV and lighting. 1-20 kW medium and small wind turbines have reached the stage of small batch production, and 50-200 kW medium and large wind turbines are currently being developed, and 14 wind farms are under construction. At the same time, two new types of wind water lifters with low head and large flow and high head and small flow have been successfully developed. In addition, progress has been made in the national wind energy resource survey, wind turbine performance test technology, basic theoretical research, comprehensive utilization of wind energy, digestion and absorption of foreign wind turbine technology and wind farm test operation.

(5) The development and utilization of other new and renewable energy sources has also made certain progress. China's geothermal resources have been used quite dry 4 million tons of standard. It is worth mentioning that China's Tibet geothermal development and utilization, Yangbajing geothermal power station has a total installed capacity of 25,000 dry watts, annual generating capacity of 97 million KWH, 50% of the Lhasa grid power supply, is China's largest geothermal power station. In terms of ocean energy development and utilization, China has built tidal power stations with a total installed capacity of 5930 kilowatts and an annual generating capacity of 10.21 million kilowatts. A wave power test plant is also under construction. The development of promising new energy technologies such as hydrogen energy is still in the laboratory experimental research stage.

3. Existing problem

In summary, it can be seen that in the past 20 years, China's new energy and renewable energy technology and development and utilization has indeed made gratifying achievements, and even in some projects in the world's leading position. However, from the overall point of view, whether it is the level of scientific research, development and utilization scale, or industrial development, there is a big gap with the international level. The main problems are:

* Not included in the national energy construction plan;

* Not included in the normal financial allocation channels at all levels;

* Lack of policies and regulations to encourage and support the development of new and renewable energy;

• Too little investment in new and renewable energy, such as solar energy research and development spending less than 1% of the United States, and even less than countries such as India;

* Low degree of commercialization and weak industrialization.

Goals and tasks

1. goal

In the next 15 years, the overall goal of the development of new and renewable energy sources is to improve conversion efficiency, reduce production costs, and increase the proportion of energy in the energy mix. New technology, new technology has a big breakthrough, domestic and foreign mature technology to achieve large-scale, modern production, the formation of a relatively complete production system and service system; The actual use should reach more than 39 million tons of standard coal (including the use of traditional uses of biomass energy, the same below), and contribute to the protection of the environment and the sustainable development of the national economy. This goal can be implemented in two phases, namely:

The first stage; From now to the year 2000, through strengthening scientific and technological research and development and pilot demonstration work, most of the new energy technologies should approach or catch up with the world's advanced level, and some mature and practical technologies should form industries as soon as possible, expand their application and enter the market. Gradually change the traditional inefficient use of biomass, give play to the role of new and renewable energy sources such as wind and solar energy, and contribute to solving the problem of electricity consumption in remote and island areas. The total development and utilization of new and renewable energy reached 298 million tons of standard coal.

In the second stage, from 2001 to 2010, we will comprehensively promote the application of new energy technologies, establish a world-advanced industrial system and scientific research system, and basically meet the requirements of large-scale production of major technology projects. The total amount of development and utilization of all kinds of new energy and renewable energy will increase to 39 million tons of standard coal.

2. Quest

In order to achieve the above goals, the main task of the development and utilization of new and renewable energy sources is to select a group of key technologies of great value to the national economy and ecological environment construction during the decade at the end of this century and the beginning of the next century, the focus of its work is to strengthen the pilot demonstration of these technologies and the transformation of scientific and technological achievements, and promote the formation of industries. Realize commercial production and popularization and application as soon as possible.

The main aspects of the work are:

Research and development of high-yield and multi-functional fuelwood forest species and cultivation technology and fast-growing forest construction technology, the construction of commercial fuelwood forest bases, focusing on farmers in the lack of firewood, serious soil erosion and conditions for the development of fuelwood forest areas, and strive to reach the national fuelwood forest area of 6.4 million hectares in 2000 and 13.4 million hectares in 2010. Plus other annual fuel wood supply of 180 million tons (equivalent to 100 million tons of standard coal) and 27 million tons (154 million tons of standard coal);

On the basis of consolidating and improving the achievements of energy-saving stoves, we will realize the commercial production and sales of residents' coal-saving stoves, improve the industrial system and service system of wood-saving stoves, and make the annual amount of firewood saved reach more than 100 million tons, which is equivalent to about 50 million tons of standard coal.

Accelerate the upgrading of biomass energy utilization technology in rural areas, develop efficient direct combustion technology, dense solidification molding, gasification and liquefaction technology, form and improve the industrial service system, and reach 2.5 million tons and 17 million tons of standard coal for high-grade biomass energy utilization capacity by 2000 and 2010;

Using organic waste from wineries, sugar mills and livestock and poultry farms in rural and urban areas to develop biogas and convert it into high-quality energy, and carry out comprehensive utilization to improve the utilization value; At the same time, the design specifications, standards and equipment supply of large and medium-sized biogas projects have been strengthened, so that the total users of biogas (including centralized gas supply households) in 2000 and 2010 reached 7.55 million and 12.35 million households, respectively, and the supply of biogas reached 2.26 billion M3 and 4 billion M3, about 1.8 million and 3.14 million tons of standard coal energy.

In 2000 and 2010, the total installed capacity of small hydropower stations reached 19.83 million kilowatts and 27.88 million kilowatts, generating 744 and 17 billion kilowatts of electricity, equivalent to 31.32 million tons and 49.3 million tons of standard capacity respectively.

Expand the development and utilization of solar energy, and focus on promoting the application of energy-saving solar energy buildings, solar water heaters and optical power generation systems. Solar buildings and solar water heaters should form large-scale production, improve the industrial system, and further expand the market. In particular, efforts should be made in solar cell modules and supporting key technical equipment, reducing the cost of the system, completing the construction of independent photovoltaic power stations in nine counties without electricity in Tibet before 2000, and vigorously promoting the application of low-power photovoltaic systems. Establish decentralized and centralized megawatt-level connected photovoltaic demonstration power stations, and the total amount of solar energy development and utilization will reach 1.23 million tons and 4.67 million tons of standard coal by 2000 and 2010, respectively. Continue to do a good job in the production, sales and service of small fans, while making great efforts to improve the design capacity and manufacturing technology level of large fans, accelerate the process of localization, and improve the characteristics of wind turbines; Focus on the development of wind turbines of more than 200 kilowatts and wind farm control and management systems, strengthen and improve wind map planning and site selection, survey and design work, and build a number of large-scale wind farms. Create conditions for its 0 and 2019 national wind energy development capacity to reach 300,000-400,000 kilowatts (350-460,000 tons of standard coal) and 100-L100,000 kilowatts (1.08 million tons of standard coal). While continuing to make good use of the geothermal power station in Tibet, we will actively develop resources in other areas with high temperature heat storage, adopt new technologies such as heat pumps, solve the problems of geothermal corrosion, scale prevention and recharge, further expand the scale of direct utilization and power generation of geothermal, and strive to achieve 880,000 tons of standard coal in 2000 and 1.51 million tons of standard coal in 2010.

The focus of tidal energy development is mainly in Zhejiang and Fujian. Before 2000, experiments and research on full-flow units with low head and large flow of 10,000 kilowatts and offshore technology will be carried out, and the development capacity will reach 50,000 kilowatts. In 2010, we will strive to build a 300,000-kilowatt practical power station with an annual energy supply of 310,000 tons of standard coal.

The development of hydrogen energy production, storage and utilization devices will be accelerated, and technological breakthroughs will be made. In 2010, the commercial significance of the solar hydrogen energy system and coal chemical hydrogen production equipment should be built, the scale should not be less than 5000MHz;

Strengthen the research and application of organic waste recycling technology for urban and rural people's lives and industry and agriculture, rice husk power generation, forest dust power generation, bagasse power generation and garbage power generation installed capacity requirements of more than 50,000 kilowatts in 2000, reached 300,000 kilowatts in 2010, when the annual energy to provide about 80,000 and 500,000 tons of standard coal.

Countermeasures and measures

The development and utilization of new and renewable energy is a promising and effective undertaking. However, because it is still in the early stage of development, compared with other energy construction, it needs more support and corresponding supportive policies from the government.

1. Raise awareness and strengthen leadership

The development of new energy and renewable energy is related to the improvement of China's ecological environment and the national energy supply and demand balance, and has a special important role in solving the problem of energy supply in urban and rural areas, especially in the vast remote areas. Governments at all levels and relevant competent departments should raise awareness of the important strategic position and role of new and renewable energy, take promoting their development and utilization as a basic energy policy, and earnestly strengthen leadership. The construction of new and renewable energy will be included in the overall plan for national economic development and included in the government's financial budget.

The State Planning Commission, the State Science and Technology Commission, the State Economic and Trade Commission and the relevant ministries and commissions of the central Committee shall strengthen coordination and cooperation, formulate unified and feasible plans for the development of new and renewable energy, guide and coordinate the relevant development plans of various departments and regions, and consult together in a timely manner on certain major issues in the formulation and implementation of the plans, and implement them separately. Establish a one-stop development system for scientific research and industrialization to avoid repeated research and repeated introduction.

2. Formulate preferential policies

New and renewable energy is a public welfare undertaking with far-reaching significance. At present, most new energy and renewable energy technologies are in the early stage of development, with small industrial scale and low benefit capacity, and they do not have the ability to participate in market competition. Therefore, it must be protected by the national macro-control policy.

The formulation of policies conducive to new energy and renewable energy is the most powerful support for the development of new energy and renewable energy. The State Planning Commission, the State Science and Technology Commission and the State Economic and Trade Commission shall, in consultation with the departments of finance, finance and taxation, study and formulate corresponding preferential policies on finance, investment, credit, taxation and pricing in accordance with the outline and objectives of the development of new and renewable energy, the types and characteristics of technologies, application prospects and profitability. We will increase financial assistance and investment. It is necessary to increase the financial support and investment in the research and development of new energy and renewable energy and technological products from the overall long-term interests, to ensure that the necessary capital investment is timely in place, and to accelerate the process of product technology breakthrough and system development. Increase the scale of credit and provide low-interest loans. It is necessary to have more specific preferential investment policies than conventional energy development, increase the credit scale of industrial construction and service system, and provide long-term low-interest loans. - At the same time, strengthen publicity, mobilize the enthusiasm of all parties for face-to-face funding, expand the channels of funds, and improve the effectiveness of the use of funds.

Formulate tax relief, price subsidies and incentive policies. The formulation of these policies will accelerate the entry of new energy and renewable energy products into the market, improve competitiveness, and ultimately rely on their own development potential to establish and occupy their due market share.

3. We will strengthen research and demonstration of new and renewable energy sources

In accordance with the requirements of this outline, the competent ministries and commissions will study and formulate development plans for the period from 1996 to 2010, and formulate the Ninth Five-Year Plan accordingly, pooling funds and resources to support priority development projects, strengthening the link between scientific research demonstration and industrialization, and promoting the rapid transformation of scientific research results into productive forces.

4. Strengthen industrialization construction

The central government and all regions and departments should attach importance to the transformation of scientific research results, finalize products that are basically technologically mature as soon as possible, and encourage enterprises to break departmental and regional boundaries, implement horizontal joint efforts, and organize specialized production. In terms of investment, prices and taxation, the state should support the development of a number of new energy backbone enterprises in a planned and systematic way, establish an industrial system with large-scale production capacity, and enable them to continuously improve product quality, reduce production costs and expand sales. Establish a national quality monitoring system. We should do a good job in the standardization, serialization and generalization of product production.

With the development of new energy and renewable energy industry, we must establish and develop the corresponding technical service system as soon as possible. We should encourage qualified and capable individuals and collectives to set up new energy technology service companies, contract new energy equipment sales, installation, commissioning, maintenance and other technical service work, strengthen technical guidance for all types of technical service companies, and constantly improve their service capabilities and quality.

5. Carry out international cooperation and introduce international advanced technology and capital.

The development and utilization of new and renewable energy is a hot spot in the world today. We should seize the current good opportunity, continue to adhere to the technical route of combining independent development with the introduction of digestion and absorption, and actively carry out foreign exchanges and cooperation. To overcome all the ideas of starting from scratch, some and selectively introduce advanced technologies and major equipment, develop China's new energy and renewable energy technologies from a high starting point, further broaden the field of cooperation, strengthen ties and cooperation with international organizations and institutions, and advocate bilateral and multilateral cooperative research and cooperative production. Strengthen exchanges of people, technology and information. We will take concrete steps to create conditions for attracting international institutions, social organizations, entrepreneurs and individuals to invest in China and to set up new energy and renewable energy entities solely or jointly.