Introduction to oil exploitation and exploitation technology

In order to develop the reservoir well, it is necessary to have a comprehensive understanding of it, drill a certain number of exploratory Wells, and determine various boundaries of the reservoir (oil-water boundary, oil-gas boundary, segmentation fault, pinch-out line, etc.) with geophysical exploration data. It is necessary to drill a certain number of appraisal Wells to understand the properties of the oil and gas reservoir (generally, core is taken), including the changes in the thickness of the oil and gas reservoir, the physical properties of the reservoir, the reservoir fluid and its properties, the distribution of the temperature and pressure of the reservoir, etc., to conduct comprehensive research, so as to obtain a more comprehensive understanding of the oil and gas reservoir. The reservoir itself should not be studied, but the adjacent aquifer and the connection between them should be studied at the same time (see reservoir physics).

In the process of exploitation, it is also necessary to exploit, observe and control the oil and gas reservoirs through production Wells, injection Wells and observation Wells. The flow of oil and gas has three interrelated processes: (1) Oil and gas flow from the reservoir to the bottom of the well; ② From the bottom of the well to the top of the well; (3) From the wellhead flows into the oil gathering station, after separation and dehydration treatment, flows into the oil and gas transport terminal, and then exports to the mining area (see reservoir engineering).

Oil exploitation technology

Logging engineering applies geophysical methods in the wellbore. The information of the original condition and changes in the drilled rock strata and oil and gas reservoirs, especially the distribution of oil, gas and water in the reservoir and its changes, is transmitted to the surface through cables. Based on the comprehensive judgment, the technical measures to be taken are determined (see engineering logging, production logging, saturation logging).

Drilling engineering plays a very important role in the development of oil and gas fields. In the construction of an oil and gas field, drilling engineering often accounts for more than 50% of the total investment. The development of an oil and gas field often requires hundreds or even thousands of Wells or more. There are different technical requirements for Wells used for different purposes of production, observation and control (e.g. production Wells, injection Wells, observation Wells and inspection Wells designed to check the effect of washing oil). The well should be drilled with minimal contamination to the reservoir, high cementing quality, and be able to withstand various downhole operations over several decades of production. Improving drilling technology and management and increasing drilling speed are key to reducing drilling costs (see Drilling Methods, Drilling Processes, completions).

Oil recovery engineering is the whole process technology of lifting oil and gas from the bottom of the well to the wellhead. The rise of oil and gas can depend on the energy injection from the formation, or on the artificial energy extraction such as pumping pump and gas lift. All kinds of effective workover measures can eliminate the frequent problems of wax formation, water discharge and sand production, and ensure the normal production of oil Wells. Stimulation, such as hydraulic fracturing or acidification, can increase production that has been reduced due to low reservoir permeability or improper drilling practices that contaminate and damage the reservoir. In the case of injection Wells, it is to improve the injection capacity (see oil production method, gas production technology, stratified production technology, oil and gas well stimulation technology).

Oil and gas gathering and transportation engineering is a technology to build a complete oil and gas collection, separation, treatment, measurement, storage and transportation in the oil field. The oil, gas, water and other mixed fluids produced in the well are separated and initially treated in the mine field to obtain as much oil and gas products as possible. Water can be reinjected or used to prevent pollution of the environment. Reduce ineffective losses (see oil and gas gathering in the field).

The relationship between various disciplines and engineering techniques in oil extraction is shown in the figure. The development of oil extraction technology The large-scale exploitation and application of oil and natural gas is a matter of nearly a hundred years. The United States and Russia began their modern oil and gas extraction industries in the 1850s. Other countries are a little later. The development of petroleum exploitation technology is closely related to the development of mathematics, mechanics, geology, physics, mechanical engineering, electronics and other disciplines. It can be divided into three stages:

The initial period was from the late 19th century to the 1930s. With the appearance of internal combustion engine, there is an urgent demand for oil. The main technical symbol of this stage is the exploitation of natural energy. The average recovery rate of oil is only 15-20%, the drilling depth is not large, and the means of observing the reservoir are only simple thermometers and pressure gauges.