Introduction to oil exploitation and exploitation technology

The second stage, from the late 1930s to the late 1950s, was marked by the establishment of the theoretical system of oil field development. The main contents are: (1) Forming rock mechanics as the theoretical basis of drilling engineering; ② The reservoir physical and seepage mechanics system has been basically established, and the water injection production technology of artificially replenishing reservoir energy is generally adopted. In the Soviet Union, the technology of water injection to maintain formation pressure was widely used in the early stage, so that the ultimate oil recovery rate increased from 15 to 20% in the 1930s to more than 30%, and the development of logging technology centered on electrical measurement methods and drilling technology of ultra-deep Wells above 4500 meters. The oil stabilization technology based on the theory of oil and gas phase equilibrium has been widely used in the field gathering and transportation process. The applied science and engineering technology system related to the development and exploitation of oil and gas fields has been basically established.

The third stage began in the 1960s, marked by the widespread use of electronic computers and modern science and technology in the development of oil and gas fields, and the rapid development of development technology. The main aspects are as follows: (1) The establishment of sedimentary facies models of various oil formations improves the ability to predict the heterogeneity and continuity of oil reservoir sand bodies, so that well placement and development work can be more economical and effective; (2) The application of nuclear technology in modern physics to logging, the formation of radioactive logging technology, and the original electrical measurement technology, coupled with the new production logging series, can be used to directly determine the distribution of oil, gas and water in the reservoir, in different development stages can take more effective measures; (3) Have a deeper understanding of the surface phenomena that play a role in the process of oil and gas production and the law of multi-phase seepage in porous media, and based on physical and mathematical models to explain these phenomena from qualitative to quantitative (see reservoir numerical simulation), test and develop new technologies other than water injection to enhance oil recovery; (4) The optimized drilling technology based on jet drilling and balanced drilling has developed rapidly. The drilling rate has been greatly improved. Can be drilled a variety of special types of Wells, including cluster Wells, directional Wells, and even horizontal Wells, coupled with high-quality mud, so that the drilling process to minimize the pollution of the reservoir; ⑤ The application of large-scale acidizing fracturing technology has made many oil and gas reservoirs, especially tight gas reservoirs, which have no economic value in the past, can be put into development, greatly increasing the utilization of natural resources. The difficulties caused by sand production, wax formation and high water content in oil Wells have been solved to a large extent (see heavy oil recovery, oil well wax prevention and wax removal, oil well sand control and sand removal, water to oil ratio control); The application of steam injection to the reservoir and thermal production technology has put many heavy oil reservoirs into development; The automation and electronic monitoring of oil and gas separation technology and gas treatment technology can reduce the loss of oil and gas gathering and transportation in the field to a very low level, and can provide higher quality products.

Offshore oil and gas development Offshore oil and gas development is not very different from that on land, except that the construction of the production platform is much more expensive, so the evaluation of the field scope is more careful. Risk analysis should be carried out to accurately select the platform location and construction scale. Avoid the loss caused by unclear understanding of underground reservoir or wrong inference. Since the 1960s, the prospect of the development of China's oilfield service industry and investment strategic planning offshore oil development has made great progress. Offshore oil production has reached about 20% of the world's total oil production. Formed a complete set of offshore mining and gathering and transportation of special equipment and technology. The construction of the platform has been able to withstand various disasters such as wind, waves, ice flow and earthquakes, and the water depth of the oil and gas fields has exceeded 200 meters.