Exploration of diversified financing channels for mine ecological restoration

(2) Path 2: "Ecological +" model

The treatment of abandoned mines is combined with ecological construction, tourism resource development, landscape construction, ecological agriculture, etc., and certain economic, social and ecological benefits are generated through ecological transformation, industrial implantation, and overall planning, and many places have carried out market-oriented practice exploration. Jiuding Manor, Laixi City, Qingdao City, Shandong Province, built in the original mining area of grape planting, wine production, cultural tourism is one of the ecological agriculture. This type of model is generally the local government to lease or transfer the right to operate for a certain number of years to attract investment, has certain requirements for the location of the mine, and is suitable for areas with convenient transportation. Due to the implantation of the industry, it has a certain profitability, and is generally based on commercial bank loans, supplemented by local financial subsidies, which is also an EOD model explored in recent years.

New management models such as agro-light complementarity, forest-light complementarity and fish-light complementarity, which combine photovoltaic, wind power with tourism and characteristic industries, have been emerging in many coal mining subsidence areas and tailings ponds. The construction of photovoltaic power generation projects on abandoned mines can not only create stable economic benefits by relying on electricity costs, but also play a role in blocking wind and fixing sand to a certain extent. Different from the photovoltaic economy, wind power generation is more aesthetically superior, and the local characteristics of the natural landscape, creating wind power characteristics of the town has become a new starting point for rural revitalization. For example, Tianhua Sunshine New Energy Investment Co., Ltd. invested 450 million yuan in Pingyuan County, Guangdong Province, leasing 109.7 km2 of the former Jianshan mining area to build 50 MW photovoltaic power generation projects, with an annual output value of more than 52 million yuan. This mode of investment is mainly based on the common financing methods of new energy, and it is still in the early stage of exploration.

Third, the exploration of diversified financing channels for mine ecological restoration

Although the early investment and financing mode of mine ecological restoration in China is single, it is only a government-funded mode in which the central government subsidizes the local government, but its role has laid the foundation for today's mine ecological restoration. This investment pattern has continued for a long time, with the completion of more than 2,000 exemplary remediation and governance projects. Starting from tens of millions of yuan per year, the central government gradually expanded its input and once reached more than 5 billion yuan per year. According to the investigation and calculation of the relevant agencies of the China Geological Survey, the cost of environmental problems of historical mines in the country still needs 608.2 billion yuan, of which 59.1 billion yuan is spent on environmental problems of historical mines in resource-depleted cities, and 549.1 billion yuan is spent on other historical problems. Only the government funding for the total amount of mine restoration funds is in a drop in the water state, even if the expected restoration effect is achieved, it is difficult to ensure the later operation and maintenance management, in the face of complex and diverse and huge coverage of abandoned mining areas caused by ecological environmental problems, to the mining area ecological restoration work has brought greater obstacles. It is urgent to actively explore the marketization of mine ecological restoration, and it is a new exploration of ecological restoration to gradually shift from the ecological + ecological restoration concept to EOD project financing.

EOD projects mainly have two modes: PPP and ABO. In areas where the amount of government financial expenditure is large, but the amount of expenditure does not exceed the upper limit stipulated by the Ministry of Finance, and the project implementation is not urgent, EOD mode can adopt PPP mode to implement the project; In areas where the amount of government expenditure is large but the amount of expenditure does not exceed the upper limit stipulated by the Ministry of Finance, but the project implementation is urgent, EOD mode can implement the project in ABO mode, that is, Authorize - Build - Operate mode. This model achieves project benefits through the way of "ecological restoration and protection + improvement of infrastructure + construction of green new industries", thus solving the problem of financing repayment sources.

The government bond model is the investment and financing model with low implementation difficulty and the strongest landing at this stage. Revenue from government-managed funds can be used as a source of repayment for special bonds, thus maximizing investment returns. Low cost, long financing cycle, high success rate of raising funds. However, the amount of issuance is limited, and it is difficult to meet the total investment amount of ecological environment projects (or other projects) in a certain region due to the overall regulation of the province. For example, the first phase of the comprehensive treatment of coal mining subsidence area in Lishan District issued government special bonds to raise 90 million yuan.