What is the strategic position of artificial hydrogen production and hydrogen industry in China?

1.3.3 Solid-state hydrogen storage technology is not mature

Solid hydrogen storage is the most potential for development of a hydrogen storage method, can effectively overcome the high pressure gas and low temperature liquid hydrogen storage methods of insufficient, with large volume density of hydrogen storage, easy operation, convenient transportation, low cost, high safety, suitable for the volume requirements of more stringent occasions, such as hydrogen fuel cell vehicles. Solid hydrogen storage technology can be divided into physical adsorption hydrogen storage and chemical hydride hydrogen storage. The former can be divided into metal-organic framework (MOFs) and nanostructured carbon materials. The latter can be divided into metal hydrides such as titanium series, magnesium series, zirconium series and rare earth, as well as non-metallic hydrides such as borohydrides and organic hydrides.

Metal hydride hydrogen storage has the advantages of high hydrogen storage density, high purity, high reliability (no high pressure or low temperature conditions) and simple hydrogen storage process, the main principle is to select a suitable metal hydride, under low pressure conditions to combine hydrogen with another substance (hydrogen storage alloy) into a quasi-compound state. At present, hydrogen storage of metal hydrides is still in the research stage and has not been commercialized, which is mainly restricted by the following factors: (1) The high price of hydrogen storage alloys; (2) The structure is complex, because the hydrogen storage process will release a lot of heat, so the heat transfer equipment must be added in the storage; ③ The stability of hydride itself is poor, easy to form harmful impurities, after repeated use, the performance is significantly reduced; The hydrogen storage quality is relatively low, if measured by mass, only 2% to 4% of industrial hydrogen can be stored.

1.3.4 Hydrogen storage in organic liquids has attracted much attention

The hydrogen storage technology of organic liquid is realized by reversible hydrogenation and dehydrogenation reaction of unsaturated liquid organic matter. This hydrogen storage method has the advantages of high quality, high volume hydrogen storage density, safety, easy long-distance transportation and long-term storage. Organic liquid hydrogen storage technology is still in the research and development stage, and there are still some shortcomings such as demanding technology, high cost, low dehydrogenation efficiency and easy coking deactivation. The equipment cost of catalytic hydrogenation and dehydrogenation unit is high, the dehydrogenation reaction needs to be completed under the condition of low pressure and high temperature heterogeneous, limited by heat and mass transfer and reaction equilibrium limit, the dehydrogenation reaction efficiency is low and side reactions are prone to occur, resulting in the hydrogen product impurity. In addition, under high temperature conditions, the pore structure of dehydrogenation catalyst is easily destroyed, resulting in coking deactivation.

1.4 Hydrogen industry infrastructure

The industrial hydrogen transportation method is mainly the pipeline transportation of high-pressure gaseous or liquid hydrogen, and the basic research on the compatibility of pipeline steel and high-pressure hydrogen needs to be carried out in the long-distance pipeline, and the pipeline operation management method needs to be innovated to realize the construction of long-distance, high-pressure and large-scale hydrogen transportation pipelines.

1.4.1 Pipeline hydrogen transport is in its infancy

The technology of "hydrogen blending" and "hydrogen oil transportation" in pipeline is an important link to realize long-distance and large-scale hydrogen transportation. Global pipeline hydrogen transport started early, but the development is slow. Europe's long-distance pipeline hydrogen transport has lasted for more than 80 years, and currently has a total length of about 1 500 km of hydrogen transport pipelines, of which the length of nearly 400 km of France - Belgium hydrogen pipeline is the longest in the world. The length of the existing hydrogen pipeline in the United States is 720 km, far less than the length of its natural gas pipeline (208×104 km). China has a number of hydrogen pipeline in operation, such as Sinopec Luoyang refinery Jiyuan-Luoyang hydrogen pipeline length of 25 km, the annual gas volume of 10.04×104 t; The total length of the Wuhai-Yinchuan coke oven gas transmission pipeline is 216.4 km, with an annual gas transmission capacity of 16.1×108 m3, which is mainly used for conveying coke oven gas and hydrogen mixture.

1.4.2 Hydrogen-oil joint construction of hydrogenation station

With the continuous expansion of the hydrogen industry market, the hydrogen industry chain is tending to be constantly improved. At present, with the rapid development of hydrogen fuel vehicles, the demand for industrial hydrogen has increased, and the construction of hydrogen refueling stations has accelerated accordingly. By the end of 2017, 328 hydrogen refueling stations were in operation worldwide, including 139 in Europe, 118 in Asia, 68 in North America, and 1 each in South America, Australia, and Dubai.