Strong ship serving the country -- New China shipbuilding industry events

In the early days of the founding of New China, China's shipbuilding industry mainly focused on the development of military products, and built various types of ships such as conventional submarines and large surface ships. After the reform and opening up, China's shipbuilding industry has become the earliest industry to enter the international market and participate in international competition. Today, China has become a shipbuilding power with world influence, the annual shipbuilding output accounts for about 40% of the world market share, the product gradually covers all ship types in the market, the research and development design, process technology and management level is increasing, the integration of the shipbuilding industry and the financial industry is further deepened, China is striving to become a world shipbuilding power. After more than 70 years of hard work, China's shipbuilding industry has made important contributions to the construction of national defense and the development of the national economy, and has made brilliant achievements that attract the attention of the world.

Looking back on the development of new China's shipbuilding industry, it has basically experienced five stages, and these five stages are also a process of mutual cohesion, gradual advancement, development and growth.

First, the army is the main, the military and civilian combination, laying the foundation for the development of modern shipbuilding industry

From 1949 to 1960, it was the first stage of the development of New China's shipbuilding industry. During this period, it mainly relied on its own strength to quickly restore and develop the shipbuilding industry left by old China, and with the technical assistance of the Soviet Union, it focused on the production of naval vessels, and initially established the development foundation of New China's shipbuilding industry.

After the founding of New China, the Party and state leaders attached great importance to the development of the shipbuilding industry. China's shipbuilding industry started from the rush repair and refit of military ships, relying on self-reliance, and gradually embarked on the development road of developing modern military ships by itself, focusing on the military and basing itself on the domestic market, thus enhancing the international status of New China.

In June 1953, plenipotentiary representatives of the governments of China and the Soviet Union formally signed an agreement in Moscow to purchase a number of naval combat ships and complete sets of materials and equipment by means of loans. The agreement also stipulated that during the construction of the Chinese shipyards, the Soviet Union would send technical experts to China to give guidance and receive training from Chinese shipbuilding personnel in Soviet factories. This is the first large-scale technology introduction in the history of China's shipbuilding industry, and it is a successful attempt under the specific historical conditions of China's weak industrial base at that time. It not only provided the necessary equipment for the Navy in time, but also strengthened the strength of the navy in the initial period. At the same time, it also promotes the development of the shipbuilding industry itself, exercises and improves the technical team of the shipbuilding industry, and accumulates experience for future self-development.

By 1959, China's "five types of ships" (i.e. frigates, torpedo boats, torpedo submarines, large hunting submarines, minesweepers) had been produced more than 100. After 10 years of efforts in the early years of the founding of the People's Republic of China, the shipbuilding industry has made important contributions to the Chinese Navy from scratch, from small to large, and gradually updated and developed into a maritime combat force with a modern scale.

In this process, in order to meet the production needs, the state carried out technical transformation of some major shipyards before the founding of New China, and expanded and built a number of small and medium-sized shipyards; At the same time, a number of key equipment plants were built (including six Soviet aid projects). In terms of technology, on the one hand, the shipbuilding industry has carried out the localization of Marine materials and equipment in a planned way, and carried out large-scale technological innovation, replacing the riveting technology with welding technology and the bulk construction method with the hull section construction method. Some scientific research institutions and universities have also been established, such as the first towing test tank was built in Shanghai in 1954, and the shipbuilding department was set up in some universities. The foundation for the development of China's modern shipbuilding industry has been basically established.

In addition to military ships, in the 10 years after the founding of New China, China's civil ship construction technology has also been greatly improved, during which a total of more than 100 kinds of civil ships were built, including 5000 tons of passenger ships, passenger and cargo ships, tugs, fishing boats, dredgers, etc., the total output value of the shipbuilding industry increased by more than 30 times than in 1949.

Second, self-reliance, hard work, the basic formation of a complete ship building and repair system

From 1961 to 1977, it was the second stage of the development of the shipbuilding industry in New China. During this period, under the circumstances of the suspension of technical assistance by the Soviet government and the continued imposition of technological and economic blockade by Western countries on China, the temporary difficulties of the national economy were overcome, self-reliance and hard work were made, and a relatively complete shipbuilding industry building and repairing ship development system was basically built.

From the early 1960s, China's shipbuilding industry began to develop a new generation of military ships and mass construction of ocean ships on the basis of the experience gained in the construction of "five types of ships". In the field of military ships, on February 4, 1959, the Chinese government signed a second naval order agreement with the Soviet Union, but in 1960, the Soviet government unilaterally announced the suspension of the implementation of the order agreement and the withdrawal of experts. Our country began to embark on the road of self-reliance and hard work.

China's shipbuilding industry withdraws pressure, on the basis of some technical information and equipment already obtained in the early stage, based on domestic imitation of Soviet equipment, and successfully imitated medium-sized torpedo submarines, large missile speedboats, small missile speedboats and other ships. What is more rare is that China has also developed a new "five types of ships" - nuclear submarines, medium-sized missile destroyers, anti-submarine frigates, medium-sized torpedo submarines, missile frigates, and put into production in batches. At the same time, in order to support the development of the space industry, the shipbuilding industry has also developed the "Yuanwang" ocean-going space tracking ship, together with salvage boats, oil-water supply ships, ocean-going tugs, etc., to support China's long-range launch vehicle flight test work.

In terms of civil ships, first of all, the shipbuilding industry has carried out large-scale infrastructure construction. In Dalian Shipyard, Hudong Shipyard, Jiangnan Shipyard, Xingang Shipyard, Guangzhou Shipyard and other new or expanded nine 10,000-ton or higher berth, Dalian Shipyard also built a new 100,000 ton berth. In Shanhaiguan Shipyard Beihai Shipyard, Xingang Shipyard, Wenchong Shipyard, Jiangnan Shipyard and other newly built 8 10,000-ton shipyards, the largest is Shanhaiguan Shipyard 50,000-ton shipyard. With the completion of these shipyards and shipyards, China has formed a large ship repair base with Dalian, Tianjin, Shanghai and Guangzhou as the center, shipbuilding capacity has been greatly improved, by 1978, China's largest oil tankers can be built of 50,000 tons.

Secondly, the scientific research level of the shipbuilding industry has also reached a new height. For example, the China Ship Research Institute (seven institutes), established in 1961, has more than 20 institutes, more than 100 professional laboratories, and thousands of senior researchers. For another example, the Shanghai Ship Research and Design Institute, established in 1964, is one of the most important civil ship research and design units in China, undertaking a large number of civil ship research and design tasks.

Meanwhile, in response to the guidelines and instructions of the Central Military Commission on the construction of the third line, the sixth Engine Department began to build shipyards in the middle and upper reaches of the Yangtze River, Dongting Lake area and the upper reaches of the Xijiang River in Guangxi in 1965, and diesel engines, special auxiliary engines and instrument and instrument factories in eastern Sichuan, western Hubei, western Hunan and Guangxi Hechi area. In total, the six machinery department system has built more than 50 new enterprises and institutions in large and small three-line areas, which has played an important role in improving the industrial layout and developing inland industries.

Before the reform and opening up, China's shipbuilding industry has made breakthrough progress. However, in this process, the development of the shipbuilding industry has also experienced many setbacks and taken many detours. Due to the weak industrial base and the long-term international blockade, the gap between China's shipbuilding industry and the western countries is growing. On the eve of reform and opening up, China's shipbuilding industry has been facing a severe crisis of survival, shipbuilding orders have been significantly reduced, production tasks are insufficient, serious losses, for the development of shipbuilding industry to find a new road is imminent.

Third, reform and opening up, go international, and promote the rise of industries with market breakthroughs

In December 1978, the Third Plenary session of the eleventh Central Committee of the Party proposed to shift the focus of the whole Party and the whole country to economic construction as the center, and formulated the economic construction as the center, adhere to the four basic principles, adhere to the basic line of reform and opening up, marking that China has entered a new stage of reform and opening up, and the shipbuilding industry has thus opened the first phalanx of shipbuilding in the world.

From 1978 to 1999 is the third stage of the development of new China's shipbuilding industry, this period, into the early stage of reform and opening up, the main task of reform is to innovate the system, consolidate the foundation, in line with international shipbuilding standards, with market breakthroughs to promote the rise of the industry. Through the bold exploration in this period, the shipbuilding infrastructure has been greatly improved, the level of shipbuilding technology has been significantly improved, the export of ship products has achieved zero breakthrough, and China has gradually become a pivotal force in the world shipbuilding industry

The Party Central Committee has put forward a series of important guiding principles, basic policies, development strategies, objectives and strategies for the development of the shipbuilding industry, and the shipbuilding industry has opened the prelude to the transformation of the military to the people and the development of the international market.

First of all, through the reform of the management system to accelerate the enterprise to the market. In 1982, The State Council reorganized the Sixth Ministry of Machinery Industry in charge of the shipbuilding industry into the China State Shipbuilding Industry Corporation, broke the boundaries of departments and regions, and set up a number of regional branch companies, and implemented the three-level management system of the head office, branch companies and grass-roots enterprises. China State Shipbuilding Corporation (CSIC) is the first national large-scale industrial company in China, which is an important attempt to reform the economic management system in our country. After the establishment of the ship general Corporation, the ship enterprises began to carry out a comprehensive rectification, through the continuous expansion of management autonomy, change of management mechanism, began to establish the direction of modern enterprise system. In order to solve the problem of inefficiency in shipbuilding, the shipbuilding Corporation began to promote the learning of production design technology in the early 1980s, and began to carry out large-scale transformation of shipbuilding mode in 1995, and the shipbuilding production capacity has been greatly improved. In 1999, China State Shipbuilding Industry Corporation was reorganized into China State Shipbuilding Industry Corporation and China Shipbuilding Industry Corporation, establishing a new system of separating government from enterprise, combining production and research, and promoting competition, which further promoted the rapid development of China's shipbuilding industry.

The second is a new round of shipbuilding infrastructure construction. In the early days of reform and opening up, China's shipbuilding infrastructure was very backward compared with Japan and South Korea, mainly building small boats, such as the completion of ships in 1981, the small boat below 10,000 tons accounted for 58.22% of the completed tonnage of the year, when Japan and South Korea already had the production capacity of 300,000-ton tankers. In this situation, the Chinese shipbuilding industry put forward the slogan of "building a big dock, building a big ship", and carried out vigorous technical transformation and infrastructure construction in the backbone shipyards. In 1995, China ended the history of not being able to build and repair ships of more than 100,000 tons, and entered the ranks of countries that build and dock up super-large ships of 300,000 tons.

Third, large-scale technology introduction. In order to improve the level of shipbuilding technology, since 1978, China's shipbuilding industry began the largest technology introduction since the founding of New China. In the field of Marine supporting equipment, China has purchased nearly 50 world-renowned Marine equipment manufacturing technologies in the form of production licenses, including Marine low and medium speed diesel engines, generator sets, lifting machinery, etc. In terms of design technology, China has introduced foreign advanced ship type design technology in the way of commissioned design and joint design. China has introduced more than 10 types of ship design technology, such as 118,000 tons shuttle tanker, 69,000 tons of chemical product tanker, 2,700 container ships, etc., and the design capacity and level have been greatly improved. World brand ships such as the "China Jiangnan Type" 65,000 ton bulk carrier and the "China Dalian Type" 95,000 ton refined oil tanker have also emerged. In terms of standards, China has carried out a wide range of translation and publication work, and has introduced 48 kinds of shipbuilding standards of seven famous foreign classification societies, nearly 100 copies, more than 20 million words, and more than 5,000 international standards. A large number of national and industrial standards have been revised to bring them closer to international standards.

Fourth, through the export of products to the international market. In May 1980, under the care and support of the Party Central Committee, Dalian Shipyard signed a contract with Bao Yuxing, the brother of Hong Kong shipping king Bao Yugang and chairman of Hong Kong Liancheng Shipping Co., LTD., for the construction of 27,000 tons of "Great Wall" bulk carrier, which is the first ocean ship independently developed and designed by Chinese shipyards in accordance with international norms. In September 1981, the "Great Wall" was completed and launched, and after repeated inspection after delivery, it went through the test of bad sea conditions in the Pacific Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean, and successfully met the requirements of the contract. On January 4, 1982, the "Great Wall" was completed and delivered, marking the official departure of China's shipbuilding industry from the Chinese mainland and becoming the earliest industry in China to enter the international market. Today, the share of China's shipbuilding industry in the international market has grown from small to large, and it has gradually become a pillar industry for the export of mechanical and electrical products, and is the main force for China's export to earn foreign exchange. 90% of the annual shipbuilding output is for export ships, and ship products are exported to more than 150 countries and regions in the world, making outstanding contributions to China's opening up and economic development.

Through the bold exploration in the reform and opening up, our country has gradually become a decisive force in the world shipbuilding industry. Before the reform and opening up, China's shipbuilding output was less than 400,000 DWT in the highest year, and its share in the world market was negligible. By 1992, the annual output of shipbuilding in China exceeded 1 million deadweight tons for the first time. By 1995, China's annual shipbuilding output reached 1.75 million deadweight tons, surpassing Germany for the first time, accounting for about 5% of the world shipbuilding market share, and becoming the world's third shipbuilding country after Japan and South Korea. By 2000, the national shipbuilding output reached 2.5 million deadweight tons, thoroughly consolidating the status of the world's third shipbuilding country.