Research on innovation and development strategy of green metallurgy

At present, China's iron ore production and crude steel production is obviously mismatched, highlighted by the external dependence of iron ore reached 85%. It is predicted that in the next 15 years, China's crude steel production will still maintain low growth, so the situation of iron ore dependence on imports will continue, but the import path tends to be diversified. For example, in 2020, China's imports from Guinea increased significantly year-on-year, imports to countries along the "Belt and Road" are steadily rising, and imports from India also have positive growth. In addition, China actively participates in the international development market, gradually increases the development and utilization of overseas minerals, and the deep mining of African iron ore areas is expected to continue to supply 2.4×109 t.

Scrap iron and steel can be regarded as green resources, and increasing utilization can reduce CO2 and solid waste emissions; It can help the steel industry save energy and reduce consumption, and it is also the only steel-making resource that can replace iron ore. The "14th Five-Year Plan" Circular Economy Development Plan (2021) proposes that by 2025, the national consumption of scrap steel will reach 3.2×108 t [7], and the proportion of crude steel with scrap as raw material will gradually increase.

(2) The status quo and development trend of non-ferrous metal resources

The global non-ferrous metal resource reserves are relatively concentrated, but the distribution is relatively dispersed. China's magnesium, tungsten, molybdenum, rare earth resources are extremely abundant in the world. Australia, Chile, Peru and Brazil are famous mineral resource countries, such as Australia's typical varieties are tantalum, zirconium (accounting for more than 60% of the world), rutile (nearly 50%), lead, zinc, nickel, bauxite (more than 20%), gold, silver, cobalt, copper, lithium, antimony (more than 10%); Chile and Peru have obvious advantages in copper resources, and Brazil has rich reserves of tantalum and niobium (accounting for about 90% of the world's total), tin and nickel (about 15% and 13% respectively). In addition, the reserve potential of the African region is large, such as Congo (DRC) cobalt reserves account for about 50% of the global total, and Guinea is a country with high bauxite reserves.

From the perspective of total resources, China is a large country of non-ferrous metal mineral resources, and the reserves of magnesium, ilmenite, tungsten, molybdenum, rare earth and other resources rank first in the world, and the reserves of bauxite, copper, lead, zinc and other resources are also rich. However, with the rapid development of strategic emerging industries such as new generation information technology and high-end equipment manufacturing, China's demand for mineral resources will remain high: the supply of low-quality minerals such as bauxite and titanium exceeds demand, and high-grade demand is still dependent on imports; As the world's largest producer of refined copper, lead and zinc, the import demand for related concentrates is still large, and it is actively expanding overseas resources. Rare earth consumption accounts for 57% of the global total, and rare earth imports are gradually increasing. Nickel and cobalt mineral resources are relatively few, such as the external dependence of nickel mineral resources reaches 90%.

It is predicted that in the next 15 years, the total consumption of non-ferrous metals in China will continue to grow and maintain a high trend, and the demand for mineral resources is still strong. However, the new resource reserves cannot keep up with the growth rate of reserve consumption, the effective supply capacity of domestic resources is still low, and the situation of dependence on imports of some mineral resources will continue. At present, the severe supply situation of mineral resources in China has not been improved due to the large demand for mineral resources, the insufficient control and discourse power of the global market, and the need to improve supply chain and transportation security [8]. In view of future development, renewable non-ferrous metal resources should be fully utilized (by 2025, the output of recycled non-ferrous metals will reach 2×107 t, of which copper, aluminum and lead are 4×106 t, 1.15×107 t and 2.9×106 t, respectively [7]), and low-grade, difficult-to treat and complex mines should be developed to enhance domestic resource security. Actively promote the construction of overseas mining projects, enhance international resource security, and form a new pattern of coordinated development of "original + renewable + difficult mining".

Fourth, the development status and problems of China's metallurgical industry

(1) Status and challenges of iron and steel metallurgy

1. Development status of iron and steel metallurgy

China's steel production, consumption, import and export volume for many years ranked first in the world. In 2020, China's steel production will be 1.065×109 t, accounting for 56.7% of the world's total output; Among the world's top 50 steel companies, domestic enterprises account for half; The apparent consumption of finished steel is 9.95×108 t, the total export is 5.14×107 t, and the total import is 3.79×107 t [2]. Correspondingly, China's iron ore mainly relies on imports. In 2020, imports will account for 82.35% of total consumption, and about 80% of imported mineral sources will come from Australia and Brazil. The national consumption of scrap steel is about 2.6×108 t, reducing CO2 emissions by about 4.16×108 t [2].