Principles and technical contents of mine ecological restoration

1. Principles of mine ecological restoration

Who destroys, who controls, mining, control

Conservation mining, source mitigation

Close to natural restoration, landscape coordination

Scientific guidance, moderate repair

Adapt to local conditions, sustainable use

2. Overall requirements of mine ecological restoration

On the basis of ensuring geological safety, according to the damage characteristics of different sites, natural restoration is adopted as the main restoration method, supplemented by artificial restoration. Through geomorphic remodeling, soil reconstruction, vegetation reconstruction, pollution prevention and control, biodiversity protection and other measures, the damaged ecological structure and ecological function are restored to achieve safety, stability and landscape coordination.

3. Ecological restoration target

(1) Restore the ecosystem damaged by mining activities to a natural ecological environment close to that before mining;

(2) reconstruction of the ecological environment suitable for a particular purpose of people;

(3) Restore to other ecological environments in harmony with the surrounding environment (landscape).

4. Ecological restoration model

Forest and grass land, cultivated land, wetland, building land, mine park.

5. Selection basis of ecological restoration model

(1) The type and degree of damage of the mine to be repaired;

(2) The natural geographical conditions of the mine and the suitability of land development, utilization planning and other factors.

6. Principles of ecological restoration model selection

If it is appropriate to cultivate, it is appropriate to garden, it is appropriate to forest, it is appropriate to pasture, and it is appropriate to fish.

Choice of mine ecological restoration mode

(A) mine forest and grassland ecological restoration model

According to the principle of technical feasibility and economic rationality, combined with the practice of ecological restoration engineering in our country, in addition to the waterlogging area, the main direction of mine ecological restoration is the forest and grass mode, of course, the final determination of ecological restoration mode, or "vary from place to place", "one mine and one policy".

The ecological restoration modes of forest and grass land in mine mainly include: mining subsidence area, mine exposed stope, industrial square, waste dump, waste rock dump, mineral processing site, pile leaching site, tailings pond and other polluted sites.

1. Ecological restoration model of forest and grassland in mining subsidence area

The determination of ecological restoration model of mining subsidence area is mainly based on the suitability evaluation of collapse depth, geomorphic location of subsidence area, buried depth of diving position, collapse damage type and water utilization degree.

(1) In mountainous and hilly areas, the land is difficult to level after collapse, and should be restored as a garden for planting cash crops;

(2) For the land with poor land, high terrain and high slope, restore it to woodland or grassland;

(3) For the subsidence area of low mountains and hills with a slope of 10° ~ 15°, or the area covered with soil after rectification and leveling after open-pit coal mining, the sunshine is more abundant, which is suitable for grassland planting or forestry planting.

(4) For the slope land in shallow subsidence areas, it can be restored to the original land type by in-situ leveling method; The method of "digging deep and covering shallow" is often adopted for middle-level collapse. Part of the restoration mode is cultivated land or forest and grass land, and part is pond water surface, which is used as intensive fish pond.

(5) The area located in the plain has deep collapse, low diving level, and often forms a perennial waterlogging area. The general choice is to trim and support its bank belt, and to adopt hydraulic engineering, and choose the direction of repairing the water surface of the pit.

2. Ecological restoration model of forest and grassland in mine open stope

Generally, the open stope is divided into two repair modes of mining chassis and mining slope.

(1) The safety platform and working platform in the mining slope provide topographical conditions for ecological restoration. Soil storage tanks or holes can be dug on the platform, and small trees, shrubs or vines can be planted after covering the soil; The slope area between the platforms, when it is soil or full or strong weathering crust, can be directly restored to grassland, or covered with a certain thickness of topsoil, and then restored to grassland.

The rock slope, generally no longer take ecological restoration measures, but use the vines planted on the platform to climb up and down to achieve green, but for high and steep rock slopes (slope greater than 60°, height greater than 20m), It is necessary to adopt concrete lattice and planting bag restoration, planting tank (planting pot) restoration, spraying repair or planting tank (pot) and spraying joint restoration to achieve green. For the unstable slope and loose slope in high and steep slope, some measures should be taken before ecological restoration, such as removing dangerous rock, hanging net and spraying anchor.