70 years of Chinese shipbuilding industry: history, achievements and enlightenment

(2) The international competitiveness of the shipping industry has reached the world-class level

The export level of shipbuilding industry is an important index to reflect the international competitiveness of a country's shipbuilding industry. At present, China, together with South Korea and Japan, has been recognized as the three major shipbuilding industry countries in the world. When the People's Republic of China was founded, China's shipbuilding industry was mainly for military purposes, and civil vessels for coastal inland river traffic were mainly for domestic demand, and almost no shipbuilding industry products were exported. From the 1980s to 2000, China's shipbuilding industry was still mainly based on domestic demand, and the share of shipbuilding in the world's total shipbuilding was maintained below 5% for a long time, and the shipbuilding industry was still a typical inward oriented economy, and the proportion of ship exports was extremely low. In the early stage of reform and opening up, China established the shipbuilding industry development strategy of "introducing foreign advanced technology and exporting into the international market", and carried out technical transformation of key shipyards through the introduction of foreign advanced technology and key production equipment from a high starting point, and soon had the ability to build ships that meet the requirements of international norms and standards, and initially realized the export of shipbuilding products. During this period, China's shipbuilding industry in the relatively weak foundation of the case, through the "introduction" in technology, standards, facilities, management, trade and other aspects of the continuous integration with the international, and gradually cultivated the independent design and development capabilities, shipbuilding efficiency, level and quality significantly improved, product structure from conventional ship type gradually developed to a number of high-tech, high value-added ships. By 1994, China surpassed Germany for the first time to become the world's third largest shipbuilding country. In the 21st century, especially since China's accession to the WTO in 2002, the process of internationalization and marketization of China's shipbuilding industry has been further accelerated, and the shipbuilding industry has rapidly transformed from a domestic demand economy to an export economy, and its competitiveness in the international market has been further enhanced. The international market share has increased significantly. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the proportion of completed export ships in the national completed volume, the proportion of new export ship orders in the proportion of new orders, and the proportion of hand-held export ship orders in the proportion of hand-held orders have been at a high of more than 80% for a long time (Table 3), indicating that China's shipbuilding industry has become the most internationally competitive export-oriented economic industry. Since 2010, although affected by the international market downturn, China's completed export ship, new export ship orders and hand-held export ship orders three indicators in recent years have shown varying degrees of decline in China (Figure 2), but due to Japan and South Korea, the above indicators declined more, making China's ship export international competitiveness has become relatively stronger.

(3) It has basically formed a modern scientific and technological innovation system for the shipbuilding industry

After the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949, driven by the development project of the first generation of new technology ships, China basically formed a modern shipbuilding industry system with considerable scale and strength, including scientific research, design, trial production, production, testing and maintenance. But at that time, the shipbuilding industry was mainly dominated by military ships, and the development of civil shipbuilding industry was seriously lagging behind. It can only build small and medium-sized ships along the river and coast, and has neither scientific research and test facilities nor development and design capabilities (Wang Rongsheng, 2008). After the 1960s, China established a series of shipbuilding industry research institutes such as China Ship Research Institute and Shanghai Ship Research and Design Institute, and initially established a scientific research and design system with relatively complete majors and relatively complete and advanced experimental methods. But at that time, China's shipbuilding industry scientific research was still in the stage of introduction, digestion and absorption. The construction of scientific and technological innovation system of shipbuilding industry is still in its infancy.  During this period, shipbuilding research institutes, universities and other specialized research and design institutions initially completed the digestion and absorption stage, and gradually made new breakthroughs in the large-scale, serialization and mass development of mainstream ship types, and the number of export ships independently developed and with independent intellectual property rights was increasing. At the same time, it has gradually cultivated a group of high-tech R & D personnel involved in the whole industry chain of ship construction, ship supporting, ship repair and Marine engineering special equipment manufacturing. Since the beginning of the 21st century, the scientific and technological innovation system with enterprises as the main body has gradually improved, an innovation ecology with integrated development of industry, university and research has taken shape, and the capacity for scientific and technological innovation has been greatly improved. First, ship type development and product structure optimization and upgrading are progressing rapidly, and important breakthroughs have been made in the field of high-tech ships and ocean engineering. The mainstream ship types have basically realized large-scale, serialization and mass, and more than 90% of export ships are brand ship types that are independently developed and have independent intellectual property rights. The ship manufacturing industry is developing in the direction of intelligent design, intelligent products, refined management and information integration. Second, the integration of industry, university and research in the shipbuilding industry has made new progress, and the industry development innovation ecology has been initially established. For example, China Far-reaching Ocean Engineering Equipment Technology Industry Alliance, China Marine Materials Technology Innovation Alliance and Ship offshore industry, new materials industry Alliance have been established in recent years. By the end of 2016, the total number of shipbuilding industry national enterprise technology centers has reached 27, and 5 units such as Shanghai Shipbuilding Technology Research Institute have become technical support units of national engineering laboratories. Third, independent research and development capabilities and Marine equipment supporting capabilities are improving year by year. The three mainstream ship types have been comprehensively upgraded, strategic and forward-looking product research and development has been steadily promoted, breakthroughs have been made in the research and development of a number of independent brand power equipment, conventional product optimization and innovation capabilities have been increasingly enhanced, high-tech and high value-added product development capabilities have been continuously improved, the localization rate of Marine equipment manufacturing has been further improved, and the core competitiveness of the shipbuilding industry has gradually increased.