70 years of Chinese shipbuilding industry: history, achievements and enlightenment

1. The stage of the reform and opening up of the shipbuilding industry to release market vitality (1978-1998).  Under the guidance of the strategy of "introducing foreign advanced technology and exporting into the international market", during this period, China's shipbuilding industry changed from closed to open, and the products changed from traditional military products to protect the transformation of military to civilian, military-civilian integration products, and actively introduced external advanced technologies while opening up the international market, forming an export-oriented economic development model of "export - introduction - improvement - re-export". It has opened a new era of shipbuilding industry modernization. During this period, the shipbuilding industry introduced foreign advanced technology from a high starting point, introduced advanced key production equipment, carried out large-scale technical transformation of key shipyards, and soon had the ability to build ships that met the requirements of international norms and standards, and successfully realized the export of ship products. On this basis, the shipbuilding industry continues to promote technology, standards, facilities, management, trade and other aspects of the international full integration, and on the basis of digestion and absorption of imported technology, gradually cultivate independent design and development capabilities, shipbuilding efficiency, level and quality have been greatly improved, and soon occupy a place in the international market, the international market share from small to large. Become a compelling and important force in the world shipbuilding industry. By 1994, China surpassed Germany for the first time to become the third largest shipbuilding country in the world, and the shipbuilding industry became the pillar industry of China's mechanical and electrical products export to earn foreign exchange during this period. At the same time of actively expanding the opening up, the shipbuilding industry has also carried out the reform of the production and operation management system and mechanism, and the economic development mode has been transformed from the planned economy to the market economy, and enterprises and public institutions under the guidance of government plans have gradually transformed into enterprise legal entities and market competition subjects full of market competition vitality. In addition, during this period, China's military ship construction has also made positive progress, and the development capacity of ship equipment has been significantly improved. On the basis of the completion of the development of the first generation of ships, China not only accelerated the refit and update of the original ships, but also focused on the development of the second generation of ships and weapons, successfully built the missile nuclear submarine and space ocean survey fleet, and made important breakthroughs in the export of military ships (Tan Zuojun, 2009).

2. Shipbuilding industry from small to large high speed development stage (1999-2008). This stage began with the separation of China State Shipbuilding Industry Corporation in July 1999 and the implementation of major restructuring. In 2008, China's three major indicators of shipbuilding industry (shipbuilding completion, new orders, and hand-held ship orders) surpassed Japan and ranked second in the world. In July 1999, in order to stimulate the vitality of the domestic market and introduce the market competition mechanism, China State Shipbuilding Industry Corporation implemented a major reorganization and was split into two independent enterprises, China State Shipbuilding Industry Corporation (CSSC) and China Shipbuilding Industry Corporation (CSSC). During this period, the international shipbuilding market continued to be highly prosperous, and the demand for transformation and upgrading of the naval equipment market was strong, which brought a rare historical opportunity for the rapid development of the shipbuilding industry. The local shipbuilding enterprises and joint ventures represented by Jiangsu and Shandong also developed rapidly, the shipbuilding technology capacity was rapidly improved, and the scale economy and competitiveness of the shipbuilding industry were increasingly enhanced. It has gradually developed into an important shipbuilding force comparable to the two state-owned shipbuilding enterprise groups. In terms of shipbuilding capacity, local shipyards accounted for 10 of the 26 domestic shipbuilding companies capable of building more than 10,000 tons of ships during this period. From the perspective of market share, taking the data at the end of 2002 as an example, the total number of orders held by the domestic shipbuilding industry reached 13.62 million tons, of which 5.28 million tons were held by the local system of shipping enterprises, accounting for 38.8%. The fully competitive market environment has completely changed the market pattern of "shipbuilding industry Corporation is the only one, and the local system shipbuilding capacity is weak" before the mid-1990s, and the competition pattern of "three parts of the world" between the two major shipbuilding groups and local shipbuilding forces has been formed during this period. The construction of the three national key shipbuilding areas in the Yangtze River Estuary, Pearl River Estuary and Bohai Rim region has been promoted rapidly, and the development of civilian ship industry and naval equipment has achieved extraordinary development. Local private, joint venture and foreign-funded shipbuilding enterprises have competed for development, showing an unprecedented momentum of booming development (Tan Zuojun, 2009). In 2008, China successfully surpassed Japan in shipbuilding output, jumped from the world's third shipbuilding country to the world's second, entered the world's shipbuilding competition "first square", began to impact the world's first, to the goal of shipbuilding power to advance a new journey.