Great contribution to the development of world paper making

Later, through practice, people found that the fiber of paper making does not necessarily need to be beaten in water, as long as the fiber is soaked and beaten on the stone, the fiber cell wall will be destroyed, and the effect is better. Since there is no resistance from the water and no fear of breaking the mat, the force of the beating on the fiber is much greater. The beaten fibers are then released into the water. Of course, to beat the fiber to the point where you can make paper, you still need to beat it many times with sufficient strength. Is there a less labor-intensive way?

Beat the drawing with your feet

Through long-term practice, people finally found that using the method of pound rice to pound paper raw materials, the effect is much better than hammering. Because hammering is the use of swinging sticks to hit the fiber above, the fiber will be loose, and ramming in addition to the force of the arm to press down, coupled with the gravity of the pestle, the pressure of the fiber is much larger than the pounding, and ramming also tears the fiber, breaking the fiber and cutting it. The degree of fiber dissolving is much higher than the method of hammering. From punching to ramming is a major advance in papermaking technology.

It is impossible to ascertain when ramming was used to make paper. However, as early as the Neolithic Age, people used stone mortar spring rice and mastered the technology of ramming, and it is estimated that the raw materials of paper making with mortar will not be too backward. The earliest paper ramming mentioned in the literature is CAI Lun. There are many records about CAI Lun making paper with techniques such as stamping, filing and copying. Later, some people thought that the paper milling began with CAI Lun. Recently, according to the laser analysis of Ba Bridge paper, the presence of silicon elements was found. This shows that the Western Han paper is still in the early stage, has begun to use stone tools to deal with papermaking raw materials.

The foot is on the table

Later, a treadle-hammer with a foot was invented instead of a treadle-hammer with a hand. Using feet instead of hands, both labor saving, strength and relatively heavy, efficiency has been improved many times. When treadle treadle began, there is no literature available now, but in Huantan's "New Theory" of the Eastern Han Dynasty, it was mentioned that "Fuxi's benefit of making pestle and Jiudu was added by later generations, and the benefit was ten times." From here, we can see that treadle was used in the Eastern Han Dynasty, and when treadle was used for paper making. Although the relevant records have not been found, since treadle is less labor intensive than hand treadle, after the invention of treadle, people will not use treadle to replace hand pounding pulp, so it is estimated that treadle pounding paper will not be too backward.

Step reef a lot, but after all is to use human, later, people use water instead of human, and the millstones. In the Annals of The Three Kingdoms, there is a saying that "make houses and houses, make water treadle". It seems that people in The Three Kingdoms period already knew how to make ramming with water as power. The Book of Jin also detailed the name of "machine treadle", in fact, is the method of water treadle: "Today people make water wheels, the shaft is countable feet long, and the transverse wood is intersected like a rolling gun system." The water excited wheel, then the shaft smell between the horizontal wood to beat the treadle, together with a fall of the hammer, that is, even the machine treadle."

Most of the ancient papermaking workshops near the mountains and water, of course, there are conditions to use water-powered treadmills. The principle of water-powered treadmills is quite simple, mainly using the water level drop to make the water wheel rotate and drive the stone treadmills to spring continuously. "Shu JianPu" in yuan dynasty dynasty sichuan region using the millstones paper said: "cut productive reef, near the river, up and down those things will be pestle make lousy paper, polyester made clean." This clearly shows that water-powered paper-making is not later than the end of the Song Dynasty. Water-powered trip-beating is used for mechanical movement by hydraulic power, which greatly reduces labor intensity and is widely used in areas where conditions exist.

Dredging papermaking raw material fiber, from manpower to hydraulic, development to today's mechanical force, which is the development of papermaking technology in continuous progress, the degree of fiber dredging is also gradually improved with the development of power. The variety of paper depends largely on the situation of the general. Today's varieties of paper are far more than ancient times, and the requirements for beating are more, higher and more complex. Modern beaters have developed to have dozens of blades of the "flying knife roller" and the corresponding place installed 15-30 blades of the "bottom knife box", relying on the dozens of fixed bottom knives and running flying knives to ease the fiber, so as to create thousands of types of paper. Compared with the ancient pulping, modern beating is of course much more advanced, but the principle of modern beating is exactly the same as the principle of ancient pulping, and it is not difficult to see the origin of the relationship.