What kind of national mine Park do we need

Mine park is a specific space for people to visit and observe and scientific investigation, which mainly displays the mining heritage landscape, embodies the historical connotation of mining development, has research value and educational function. After more than 20 years of development, mine park has made remarkable achievements in our country, but there are also some potential problems. Under the new situation of ecological civilization system reform and global tourism, how to construct and develop the national mining park has become an urgent problem for the industry to study and solve.

What development stage has Mine park gone through in our country

In November 2004, the former Ministry of Land and Resources issued the "Notice on the declaration of National Mining Park", which marked a new step in the protection of mining relics and the management of mining environment. In 2010, when the second application for the national mine park was made, it was proposed to "build a characteristic mine park", which pointed out the direction for the construction of the mine park. Based on these two important events, we can divide the development of the National Mine Park into three stages:

I. Embryonic stage (before 2003)

The embryonic stage of China's mining park has successively experienced the treatment of abandoned mines and landscape restoration, industrial site tourism and geopark. Contemporary abandoned mine landscape restoration started relatively late. In 1950s and 1960s, China was in the early stage of economic development, and the research on ecological restoration and environmental protection was in its infancy. In the 1970s, China began to explore the reuse of mining abandoned land, based on the ecological concept of vegetation restoration, some mining areas began to try to use ecological landscape construction and environmental protection technology to transform mining abandoned land, mainly using the methods of backfilling reclamation and vegetation reconstruction to transform the ecological environment conditions of mining abandoned land, but did not pay attention to the protection and utilization of mining relics. After the 1980s, China began to pay attention to the protection and development of mining relics. In 1987, in the Notice on the Establishment of Geological Protection Areas (Trial), the establishment of mining site protection areas was first proposed. At the same time, with the gradual rise and rapid development of tourism, the management of mining abandoned land has been integrated into tourism and other contents, and then the prototype and specific practice of mining park have appeared, opening the stage of industrial heritage tourism. In 2000, the former Ministry of Land and Resources issued the "Notice on the application of National Geopark" pointed out that the "rocks, minerals, precious stones and their typical origin with special disciplinary research and ornamental value" as one of the main contents of the geological heritage landscape, since then, the mining heritage landscape is included in the geopark landscape. Although no specific concept of mine park was put forward in the initial stage, the treatment of abandoned mines, landscape restoration, tourism of industrial sites and construction of geopark provided a rich theoretical and practical basis for the birth of mine park.

Ii. Initial and Early Development Stages (2004-2009)

In 2004, the former Ministry of Land and Resources issued the "Notice on the Application of National Mining Park", which clearly proposed the concept of mining park for the first time, initiated the application and construction of national mining park, and in August 2005, reviewed and approved the construction qualifications of 28 applicant units such as Kailuan, Tangshan, Nanyang, Henan and Erguna, Inner Mongolia. It marks the beginning of the establishment of national mine park.

In January 2006, the Notice on Strengthening the National Mine Park further emphasized the need to do a good job in the construction of the national mine park, and proposed that the construction of the mine park should be closely combined with the restoration and management of the mine environment, and at the same time, all localities should carry out the restoration and management of the mine environment, in areas where it is necessary and conditional. It is necessary to carry out the protection of the natural and cultural relics of important mines and the construction of related service facilities, so as to organically combine the restoration and management of the mine environment and the construction of the mine park, and give full play to its greater comprehensive benefits. In 2007, the Work Guide for the Construction of China's National Mining Park, which has the significance of standard norms and practical guidance, was promulgated. At this stage, the development theme of China's mining park was mainly to show the effect of ecological environment restoration and management and mining relic landscape, supplemented by human and natural landscape, integrated with the function of mining science popularization education, and basically realized the functional standard of mining park, but the development form was single, and the characteristics of each park were not prominent.

Iii. Characteristic Development Stage (2010 to present)

With the popularization of mining park development and construction in the whole country, the development mode of mining park based solely on tourism has gradually lost its appeal. In 2010, on the basis of the planning and construction of the first batch of national mine parks, the former Ministry of Land and Resources summarized the experience and shortcomings, proposed to build a national mine park with characteristics, and approved the qualification of the second batch of national mine parks. Since then, the mine park began to change from a single "tourist" or "science and technology" to "comprehensive" and "characteristic" mine park. The managers of the mine park also make a beneficial exploration of their own mode in the operation, and put forward the concepts of holiday-type mine park, old-age mine park, mining park cultural industry park, etc.

What are the difficulties in the construction and management of the national Mine Park

By the end of 2017, the former Ministry of Land and Resources announced four batches of 88 national mining parks (qualifications), mainly coal, non-metal and gold mining, type distribution is more concentrated. This is mainly due to the early development of industrial heritage tourism in these mining parks, which have relatively mature experience in mining environmental management and tourism development. At the same time, because these types of mines bring greater damage to the ecological environment during mining, the government also attaches more importance to their governance.

From the situation of the national mining park that has been opened, only 33 of the 72 national mining parks in the first three batches have been officially named, less than half of the total approval qualification, and 1 has been disqualified for construction. It can be seen that the construction of mine mountain park is difficult and there are many problems.

Previously, in the declaration of the national mine park, China only required that the local mining park management committee and mining heritage protection leading group must be established, and there were no specific requirements on the core issues such as the specifications, system and staffing of the institution. Due to the lack of specific laws and regulations or management methods for the protection and development of mining parks, various management organizations and management forms of mining parks have been established in various cities, including unified government management, industry management and entrusted management.

The construction of national mine park is a process involving many parties. The construction of mine park in China is generally the national investment of local supporting funds, the development of the main body is single, the participation of social forces is not enough. Due to the lack of capital investment, the detailed mine environmental restoration plan made by many mine parks in the declaration cannot be fulfilled, and the construction can only be simple greening, and the effect of repairing the mine ecology cannot be achieved. In addition, the construction of various popular science facilities such as popular science tourism routes and museum exhibitions in the mining park is also difficult to effectively carry out, and can not really play the function of protecting mining relics and popular science education.

The construction of national mining park needs to treat different wastes and environment generated by different abandoned mines. At the same time, in order to meet the tourism function, it has high requirements on art design and aesthetic. As of the end of March 2018, there are no research institutions and art design units specializing in mining abandoned land management, mining park planning and mining park landscape art design units in China, and few technical support units can really serve as mine parks. There is a serious shortage of professional mining heritage and mine ecological restoration investigation and evaluation institutions in various provinces, regions and cities, insufficient technical personnel engaged in mining park development and mining tourism, and insufficient management personnel and staff in mining parks, which brings adverse consequences to the construction and management of mining parks, resulting in various development activities difficult to achieve.

How to promote the health and scientific development of national Mine Park

The construction of national mine park needs the participation of many departments such as mining, tourism and environmental protection. Due to the different demands of different departments, it is easy to conflict between protection and development. Therefore, it is suggested to establish a national comprehensive management organization to ensure the construction and development of the mine park. Governments at all levels may set up permanent institutions such as the Mine Park Management Office (office) to supervise the development and construction, and provide necessary help for publicity and scientific research projects.

Relevant departments should promulgate the "Mine Environment Law" as soon as possible to bring mine environmental protection and management into the legal category; Revise the "National Mining Park Construction Guide", establish construction standards, including evaluation, acceptance, qualification management, tour guide training, permit access and other systems, so that local governments know "what to do and how to do it"; At the same time, the Regulations on the Construction and Management of Mining Parks and the implementation measures of local management at all levels have been formulated to further refine the relevant provisions on the development and management of mining parks.

The construction of national mine Park is a long and arduous task. First of all, in addition to ensuring the leading position of the government in the management and construction of the park, multi-subject participation should be encouraged, and the construction of the park should be divided into two parts by different subjects. The basic part, that is, the protection and management of the soil and water resources and environment left by mineral exploitation, should be responsible for the mining enterprises. The construction part, that is, the construction and operation of the park, is the responsibility of the park development enterprise, group or individual. Secondly, multi-channel and multi-level fundraising of mine ecological protection and restoration and mining heritage protection and tourism development funds, in addition to the protection and development into the national and local financial plans, but also actively open up new investment channels. For example, the government is responsible for the infrastructure investment of the park, mining enterprises bear the environmental governance costs of the park, park development enterprises or groups and individuals develop and construct, and bear the construction funds of tourism projects. Finally, clarify the rights and obligations of multi-subjects, formulate and improve the fund supervision system.

Increasing talent training and improving technological innovation ability are also a major problem to be solved urgently in the construction of national mining park. First of all, it is suggested to set up tourism geoscience specialty. Mine park is in urgent need of talents including mine ecological environment restoration and protection personnel, mine park planning personnel, scenic spot professional management personnel and first-line tour guides, etc. They need to master professional mining and tourism knowledge, in-depth understanding of mining relics and the characteristics of the mine ecological environment, familiar with the park's popular science routes and facilities construction. Know the protection of mining relics and mining science popularization and environmental education knowledge. Secondly, universities, enterprises and individuals are encouraged to study topics such as mine environmental and ecological protection and restoration, mine park planning and science popularization, and formulate corresponding incentive policies or set the application direction of mine park related projects. Finally, strengthen exchanges with foreign mining parks, actively train relevant talents, and rationally allocate the talent team of mining parks, such as allocating expert advisers in mineral resources, ecology, environment, geography, tourism management, tourism geoscience and other related disciplines among the management personnel of mining parks, in order to promote the healthy and scientific development of national mining parks.