The main problems and prevention measures of mine ecological restoration

Under the background of ecological civilization construction and dual-carbon goal, ecological restoration of mines has become a research hotspot. Based on the analysis of the main problems in mine ecological restoration in China, the corresponding solutions are put forward. It is found that the related concepts of mine ecological restoration are various, but the connotation is similar, and green development is the absolute principle; Affected by factors such as the failure of the supervision mechanism, the misunderstanding of the mine ecological restoration project, and the difficulty of promoting the new technology, China's mine ecological restoration has not paid the old account, the new account is owed, and the failure project is common; In order to promote the ecological restoration of mines in China, it is necessary to strengthen the basic theoretical research, promote the implementation of supervision mechanism, and implement new technologies such as mining and restoration in production mines.

The significance of mine ecological restoration

Mining may bring about ecological and environmental problems such as soil erosion, landslide and desertification. The abandoned industrial and mining land also has many bad soil physical and chemical properties, especially the high content of heavy metals in the soil, and the pollution process of some heavy metals in the soil system is long-term, hidden and irreversible, which often has a serious impact on the ecological environment of the surrounding area. Therefore, the ecological restoration of abandoned mines has important ecological significance. Mine ecological restoration is not only one of the important steps to alleviate desertification and soil erosion, but also one of the important means to tap its social and economic value through mine ecological restoration and transformation. At present, the selection of tourism development mode after ecological restoration has occupied more than half of the mine restoration cases, so considering economic factors has a high restoration value. In practice, the transformation of the abandoned site is mainly to add some humanistic landscape elements on the basis of its unique natural landscape and its own land resources, and at the same time, it is selected to transform into urban park, wetland park, ecological park, mine relic park and other tourist and leisure scenic spots. At present, the concept of ecological restoration at home and abroad mainly regards restoration as the state before destruction, requiring the restoration of forests, water bodies and farmland to the original state, and controlling the deposition of toxic and harmful substances and soil erosion. Ensure that the water table remains at its original level and the surface shape remains unchanged; Keep topsoil in place; Pay attention to the prevention and control of acidic substances and harmful and toxic substances; Prevent mine tailings from landslide and other secondary geological disasters.

1. Principles to be followed for mine ecological restoration

Mine ecological restoration is not only the restoration of damaged terrain, simple greening and so on. Mine ecological restoration is a systematic project, which is a complex project integrating damage investigation, design planning and construction. In order to achieve the result of restoring the damaged ecology, it is necessary to have a deep understanding of the connotation of the restoration goal. At the beginning of the planning, it is necessary to clarify the use of land use after restoration, the ecological structure and the ecological function that should be realized. Therefore, the goal setting of mine ecological restoration needs to comply with the following six principles: respect for nature, people-oriented; Adapt to local conditions and conform to the overall regional planning; Safe, efficient and sustainable use; Priority should be given to ecological and environmental benefits, and attention should be paid to economic benefits. Priority is given to restoring cultivated land, grassland and forest land; End treatment is combined with source and process control.

2. Strengthen the basic research of mine ecological restoration

The practice of mine ecological restoration for more than 40 years shows that the restoration theory lags far behind the practice, and many restoration cases fail due to lack of scientific restoration, which shows that there is a decoupling phenomenon between theory and practice. In order to repair the ecological environment damage caused by mining, many places have carried out spontaneous restoration and utilization of the damaged land and ecological environment. For densely populated areas with rapid economic development, mine ecological restoration is often promoted faster. However, the basic theory of this field and the principles of restoration technology still need to be deeply studied to support and promote the development of this field.

In the face of complex mining environmental damage problems, restoration methods and technologies need to be innovated, enriched and promoted, and the connotation of scientific restoration should be enriched from the scientific, different, advanced and economic aspects of technology, so as to balance the restoration benefits with funds and policy investment. Although there are many kinds of ecological restoration technologies, there are often some basic common technologies for ecological restoration, which is also the key to ecological restoration. Water is the source of life, soil is the basis of life, and plants are the root of life. Therefore, water, soil and plants are the three major elements of ecological restoration, and the restoration technology centering on these three major elements is the common core technology, namely, geomorphic remodeling, soil reconstruction and vegetation restoration. The interconnectedness of these three key technologies is shown in Figure 2.