The new infrastructure consolidates the advanced material foundation of a modern country

At present, human society has entered the fourth industrial revolution, and new infrastructure is becoming a key support and important material guarantee for a new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation. China's economy and society have turned to a stage of high-quality development, and it is urgent to build new infrastructure to lead and support the development of advanced productive forces. The "14th Five-Year Plan" period is a key five-year period for the comprehensive layout and construction of new infrastructure. We should base on national conditions, make overall plans and look into the future, clarify the scope, development goals, main tasks and safeguard measures of new infrastructure construction and development, and coordinate the construction and development of new infrastructure nationwide.

First, grasp the essence and deeply understand the connotation and characteristics of new infrastructure

(1) New infrastructure is accompanied by a new round of industrial transformation.

Throughout the history of human economic development, every round of industrial reform will give birth to new infrastructure and promote the upgrading of traditional infrastructure. The accelerated development of new infrastructure is the necessary material basis for the wide popularization of new technologies and new production factors in the whole society, and it is also the key support for the rapid growth of new products, new forms of business and new economy. At present, the fourth Industrial Revolution is booming, the digital economy is accelerating the deep integration with the real economy, data has become a key factor of production, and technological evolution and upgrading and economic and social development have promoted the formation and growth of new infrastructure.

The new infrastructure is a material engineering facility that is guided by the new development concept, driven by technological innovation, and based on the information network, and provides basic and public services in digital transformation, intelligent upgrading, and integrated innovation. Information infrastructure, integration infrastructure and innovation infrastructure constitute the main framework system of the current new infrastructure. Information infrastructure mainly refers to the infrastructure generated based on the evolution of a new generation of information technology, such as 5G, Internet of Things, data centers, artificial intelligence, satellite communications, blockchain infrastructure, etc. Integrated infrastructure mainly refers to the infrastructure form formed after the intelligent transformation of traditional infrastructure by applying the new generation of information technology, including the new production facilities represented by the industrial Internet, intelligent transportation logistics facilities, and intelligent energy systems. And new social facilities represented by smart people's livelihood infrastructure, smart environment and resource facilities, and smart city infrastructure. Innovation infrastructure refers to the infrastructure that supports scientific research, technological development, and the development of new products and services.

(2) The new infrastructure has distinct characteristics that are different from the traditional infrastructure.

In addition to the general characteristics of infrastructure such as foundation, publicity and strong externality, the new infrastructure has many distinct characteristics that are different from the traditional infrastructure, which is the basic logic and starting point for formulating the new infrastructure policy:

First, most of the new infrastructure is still in the early stages of development. Unlike traditional infrastructure, which has gradually matured after 100 years of evolution and development, new infrastructure has emerged in recent years, and its leading technology, product form, market demand, supporting industries, and business model are all in the cultivation stage and have not yet been stabilized. This means that the planning and construction of new infrastructure should focus on the long-term, many new infrastructure does not yet have the basis for large-scale commercial deployment, and new infrastructure should be cultivated in terms of technology and application.

Second, the natural monopoly of much of the new infrastructure has fallen sharply. From the perspective of technical engineering, traditional infrastructure must be used in a one-time large-scale investment, and the initial investment cost is huge. The new infrastructure is mostly built on the information network, which can achieve "one point of access, the whole network service", which makes its investment scale more flexible according to changes in demand, and the initial investment threshold is significantly reduced. More enterprises can enter the new infrastructure market to compete, but at the same time, it also brings blind investment, repetitive construction, and difficult to unify technical standards.

Third, the speed of technological innovation in new infrastructure is fast. Traditional infrastructure technology is relatively mature and upgraded slowly, while the information technology supported by new infrastructure is rapidly evolving and upgrading, and is constantly interwoven and integrated with traditional infrastructure technology. The overall technical system is continuously innovated and optimized, and infrastructure needs iterative development and upgrading. Building and operating new infrastructure requires a large number of innovative high-tech companies and talents, and the formation of the appropriate financing, regulatory and development environment, which is a long-term systematic project.

Fourth, the importance of data and network security has become more prominent. On the one hand, it is necessary to build an institutional environment and technical standard system to effectively promote the flow of data. Data is the blood of the normal operation of new infrastructure, in the construction mode dominated by market forces, it is necessary to speed up the improvement of digital governance system, but also need to form a unified construction standards, technical specifications, etc., to promote the interconnection between different owner facilities. On the other hand, the requirements for the safety and reliability of infrastructure are higher. Information infrastructure and converged infrastructure are networked operations, the digital world and the physical world are highly integrated, and the orderly operation of people's lives and production will depend on the safe and reliable operation of these new infrastructures.

Second, the classification of policies to build a complete infrastructure system

There are various types of new infrastructure, and different types of facilities have different development stages and different attributes. During the 14th Five-Year Plan period, high-quality development should be the theme, guided by the construction of a new type of infrastructure system that is complete, efficient and practical, intelligent and green, safe and reliable, and technological and institutional innovation should be deepened. According to the characteristics of different facilities, appropriate development directions and evolution paths should be selected to accelerate the cultivation and development of new forms of infrastructure. We will consolidate the advanced material foundation and conditions for building a great modern country.

(1) Strengthen the leadership of emerging technologies and accelerate the construction of information infrastructure.

Different from the traditional connection-oriented communication infrastructure, the new generation of information infrastructure is developing into an infrastructure system that is based on information network, takes data elements as the core, and provides comprehensive digital capabilities such as perception, connection, storage, calculation, and processing. It is necessary to comply with the development trend of information technology and the needs of the evolution of infrastructure functions, and build a new information infrastructure system that integrates perception facilities, network facilities, computing facilities, data facilities, and new technology facilities. For existing infrastructure, on the one hand, it is necessary to upgrade facilities based on new technologies, such as promoting the upgrading of mobile communication networks from 4G to 5G, the upgrading of fixed access networks from 100 to gigabit, and accelerating the scale application of the next generation Internet. On the other hand, it is also necessary to optimize and improve facility performance to meet new needs. For example, to adapt to the development needs of the intelligent society, promote the evolution of the data center system to a multi-level and systematic computing power supply system, adapt to the growth and change trend of data traffic flow, optimize the network architecture, and promote the cooperation of cloud networks and the integration of computing networks. For emerging infrastructure, it is necessary to pay more attention to the form cultivation, technology research and development and application promotion of facilities, such as increasing the research and development and testing efforts of quantum computing and next-generation communication network technology, and cultivating artificial intelligence infrastructure such as a new generation of intelligent computing centers, artificial intelligence massive training libraries, standard test data sets and "intelligent +" industry enabling platforms. Explore the development of secure and scalable blockchain infrastructure.

(2) Focus on economic and social transformation, and comprehensively develop integrated infrastructure.

Using the new generation of information technology to promote the development of new productive facilities can effectively promote the transformation and upgrading of traditional industries, drive the transformation of production methods and organizational methods, and support the development of new industries and new forms of business. New production facilities involve industrial Internet, smart transportation logistics facilities, smart energy facilities, smart agriculture and rural facilities, etc. Each type of facility fully considers the differences in industry attributes, stages and integration levels, and focuses on supporting the development of facilities with a wide range of support, strong enabling capacity, and good driving effect, such as industrial Internet platforms, vehicle networking, smart logistics, and energy Internet. The construction of new social facilities based on the new generation of information technology is conducive to increasing the supply of public services, enriching the content of public services, and improving the level of public services. It is necessary to comprehensively cover important areas closely related to the daily lives of the general public, actively develop smart hospital infrastructure, smart elderly care infrastructure, and smart education infrastructure, improve the quantity and quality of public service supply, and promote the equality and fairness of public services. The development of smart environmental facilities and new urban management facilities will help to innovate public governance models and form scientific, fine and intelligent governance capabilities.

3. Focusing on enhancing scientific and technological capabilities, we will deploy innovative infrastructure in a forward-looking manner.

"The Outline of the 14th Five-Year Plan" puts forward that "we should adhere to the core position of innovation in the overall situation of China's modernization drive, and take scientific and technological self-reliance as a strategic support for national development." Innovation infrastructure is an important foundation for achieving scientific and technological breakthroughs, promoting the transformation of scientific and technological achievements, supporting innovation and entrepreneurship, and has a major impact on improving the national level of science and technology, innovation capacity and comprehensive strength. Innovation infrastructure can be laid out according to the long chain of innovation from independent research and development to industrialization. Facing the world's scientific and technological frontiers, we will focus on the key directions of a new round of scientific and technological revolution, build a number of major scientific and technological infrastructure, provide extreme research means, and help enhance original innovation capabilities and support major scientific and technological breakthroughs. To meet the major strategic needs of the country, focus on solving major scientific and technological problems, build a number of scientific and educational infrastructure, and build a distinctive and advanced research platform system. Facing the main economic battlefield, focus on improving the level of industrial innovation, integrate existing high-quality resources, build a number of new common technology platforms and pilot test verification platforms, improve high-level test verification facilities, and support industrial technology upgrading and enterprise innovation and development. At the same time, in order to stimulate the vitality of social innovation, we will promote the construction of a number of low-cost, open and professional innovation and entrepreneurship service facilities, so as to provide convenient conditions for the innovative development of small and medium-sized enterprises and mass entrepreneurship and innovation.

Third, innovate the system and form a dynamic and orderly development pattern

The construction of new infrastructure has just started, and compared with traditional infrastructure, the development of new infrastructure must introduce more market forces, but the "hand of policy" is also indispensable. In order to accelerate the development of China's new infrastructure, the "14th Five-Year Plan" period should emphasize deepening institutional innovation, promoting the better combination of effective market and promising government, and forming a good situation of overall coordination, supporting innovation, lively and orderly.

1. Give full play to the advantages of the system and form a chess game for national development.

The development of new infrastructure involves multiple fields, multiple facilities, and multiple entities. Relying solely on market forces is difficult to eliminate the blindness in infrastructure development, and it is easy to form overheated supply and low-level repetitive construction. The government should strengthen overall planning and coordination, provide strong guidance and support, make infrastructure meet the needs of economic and social development, and prevent development fragmentation. It is necessary to improve the coordination mechanism for the participation of macro-management departments and competent departments of various industries, strengthen technology integration, connectivity and intelligent interaction among new infrastructure in various fields, and promote the open sharing and integrated utilization of digital resources. In addition, it is necessary to be demand-oriented, strengthen regional coordination, national layout, optimize spatial layout and supply structure, and improve the overall development efficiency of infrastructure.

2. Actively mobilize market forces and create a pattern of broad social participation.

The new infrastructure technology is highly innovative, the development model and business model are mostly in the exploratory stage, and there is obvious uncertainty in the return on investment. High-tech enterprises will become the most important force in the development of new infrastructure. Under such circumstances, in order to fully stimulate the vitality of market and private investment, on the one hand, it is necessary to create a good market environment and attract more social enterprises to participate in the construction and application development of new infrastructure by deepening institutional reform, lowering the threshold of market access, clarifying regulatory rules and other measures. On the other hand, it is necessary to enrich the channels of capital investment, according to the characteristics of different infrastructure development stages, investment scale, construction cycle, profitability, driving effect, give play to the guiding role of financial funds, develop a variety of financing combinations, and guide social capital to participate in the construction of new infrastructure.

3. Scientifically grasp the law of development and explore a policy support system for innovation.

New infrastructure has distinct technical and economic characteristics, so it is necessary to establish a new policy support system commensurate with its development. First, strengthen the construction of data governance system. We will promote the promulgation of supporting provisions of the Data Security Law and the Personal Information Protection Law, clarify specific systems and requirements such as data classification and security review, promote the sharing and opening of data resources between different infrastructures, and promote the orderly flow of data. Second, we will strengthen the standards system. It proposes standards for the rational layout of key areas of infrastructure, actively carries out the construction of standards for infrastructure connectivity, strengthens the integration and unification of standards for information infrastructure and traditional infrastructure, and promotes the interconnection and sharing and reuse of facilities. 

Third, we will promote green and energy-saving development. Through institutional construction, we will strengthen coordination and cooperation among infrastructure, strengthen energy consumption management of new infrastructure, and promote the application and popularization of advanced energy-saving and low-carbon technologies. Fourth, we will improve the security guarantee system. Measures are proposed to establish a security assessment and evaluation mechanism, a reliability guarantee mechanism, and improve the security guarantee responsibility system, so as to integrate security development into the whole process of the construction of new infrastructure, prevent and resolve potential risks, and ensure the safe and stable operation of infrastructure.