Prevent and control geological disasters in mines, and promote intelligent mining construction projects

Common types of mine geological disasters

As far as the current state of scientific and technological development is concerned, the scope of mining activities is still mostly limited to the Earth's surface and the interior of the rock sphere. Before lode mining, the geological environment of the mining area is in a stable equilibrium state. In the mining process, a large amount of earth and rock is dug out from the soil and rock circles inside the crust, which greatly destroys the geological environment and makes it in an unstable state. We can see that no matter drilling and mining, pit mining, liquid injection mining, or open pit mining, all have changed the original geological environment, and this imbalance has led to the instability of the crust material, which is easy to cause catastrophic geological changes.

There are many types of mine geological disasters, which can be divided into abrupt mine geological disasters, such as mine water inrush, gas explosion, rock explosion, etc., if only from the rate of occurrence of disasters, the other is slow type mine geological disasters, such as ground subsidence of goaf, water pollution and so on. However, the most commonly used classification of geological hazards is usually based on the spatial and temporal distribution and genetic relationship of geological hazards. This classification method is conducive to the in-depth investigation of the causes of geological disasters, so that appropriate prevention and control measures can be formulated according to various types of geological disasters. The geological disasters induced by unreasonable or unscientific change of geological environment in the process of man-made geological processes basically cover all types of geological disasters except volcanic eruptions.

(1) Landslides

From the analysis of material composition on the slope, it mainly includes loose soil layer, gravel soil and various rock and soil layers with low shear strength and easy to slide. When these rock and soil layers are soaked by water after the rainstorm, the shear strength is reduced, which easily leads to the sliding phenomenon of these loose soil layers and gravel, resulting in landslide. In the process of mining and development, because the mining process is easy to cause more gravel on the surface of the mine, so that the rock and soil layer is relatively loose, which is easy to cause mine geological disasters and mine landslide phenomenon.

(2) Debris flow

Debris flow is mainly in the mountainous area or the steep terrain of the mountain, due to long-term heavy rain, heavy snow and other natural disasters, resulting in landslide phenomenon, in the landslide phenomenon of the mountain carrying a large number of sediment, gravel and along the way, resulting in the formation of special torrents of sediment, resulting in debris flow phenomenon. The conditions for the formation of debris flow mainly include steep terrain, a large amount of loose sediment and soil, and a large outbreak of sudden and sustained heavy rain, which is easy to cause landslides under the continuous impact of rain, resulting in debris flow phenomenon. The typical debris flow is mainly composed of mud formed by various silt and clay. When the water content is large, these mud moves under its own gravity and forms debris flow. Mine debris flow is a kind of geological phenomenon with great harm, which erupts suddenly, comes violently, and is accompanied by ore blocks, etc., because of the large acceleration and the large gathering energy, it has great destructive power.

(3) Surface collapse

Surface collapse is a common geological hazard in the mining process. The surface collapse is mainly due to the lack of ore retained in the mining process, the damage of pillar and the loss of supporting force, which leads to the collapse of the goaf. Especially for mines with shallow ore bodies and loose mineral texture, such as coal mines, the phenomenon of surface collapse is more obvious. For the mining area with deep ore body burial, if the goaf is not backfilled in time, the risk of surface collapse will occur when the scale reaches a certain area. In addition, due to the large temperature difference between day and night in the mining area, the seasonal change will also accelerate the rock weathering speed of the mine, and the erosion of surface water will lead to softening cracks and other phenomena of the fill in the mining area. This causes the surface to collapse. Surface collapse will not only cause great danger to people's lives and property safety, but also destroy cultivated land resources, affect buildings, destroy public construction such as roads and reservoirs, and even flood Wells, making mining areas shut down and stop production.

Relevant control measures of common mine geological disasters

(1) Preventing and controlling landslides

In the process of landslide control, we must adhere to the comprehensive management principle of prevention first and timely treatment. In the process of mine design and development, the factors and conditions of landslide formation must be taken into account, and the internal and external conditions of landslide formation should be comprehensively considered in the process of mining, and the related prevention works should be designed. In the process of preventing landslides, two aspects need to be considered, to eliminate and reduce the threat of surface water and groundwater to the mountain. By reducing the pressure of surface water and ground water, the softening and decomposition of rock and soil are prevented, and the impact of surface water and ground water on rock mass is eliminated. In the border prone to landslides, the construction of drainage ditches in the landslide area, and according to the local geological structure and hydrological characteristics, the design of groundwater drainage engineering, through the horizontal drilling drainage method, shaft pumping method to remove groundwater, so as to effectively prevent landslides.