Study on ecological restoration status and treatment countermeasures of abandoned mines left over from history

2.2 Restoration Funds

There is a huge demand for mine restoration funds, and the restoration funds of historical mines are more short, requiring financial allocation support, the total amount of special funds allocated by the central government is small, and the matching funds of local and enterprise are not high. As of the end of 2017, the central government had invested a total of about 30 billion yuan, and local governments and enterprises had raised a total of nearly 70 billion yuan, which could not meet the needs of large-scale mine restoration, and the funding problem had become a bottleneck restricting the ecological restoration of mines. The sources and channels of special funds for mine ecological restoration are not perfect, and mining laws and regulations give natural resources, forestry, ecological environment, water conservancy and other departments the right to collect fees related to ecological damage, and the lack of centralized management of fees has caused scattered uses and not all of them are used for mine restoration. The effect of ecological restoration is slow, the income is small, the profit method is single, and the participation of social capital is low. The Regulations on the Protection of Mine Geological Environment issued by the former Ministry of Land and Resources established a deposit system for the restoration of mine environmental governance, which is only applicable to newly built mines or mines under development, and does not include the environmental governance and ecological restoration of historical mines.

The central government will increase support for special funds for the restoration of abandoned mines left over from history, and promote the availability of matching funds from local governments and enterprises. The ecological damage fees collected by local government departments shall be centrally managed and incorporated into a unified special account for ecological restoration, and the supervision of funds shall be strengthened and earmarked for special purposes to ensure that all fees are used for mine restoration. Drawing on the successful experience of water environment (PPP) governance projects, the state encourages social capital to participate in mine ecological restoration, and supports and helps enterprises in project implementation, tax incentives, financial subsidies, etc., and implements the reward mechanism of "who repairs, who benefits". Expand the scope of application of the deposit, and use a certain proportion of funds for the restoration of abandoned mines left over from history to further meet the needs of national and local special funds for mine restoration.

2.3 Restoration Mode

The problems of mine ecological environment include landscape type destruction, environmental quality type destruction and biological type destruction. The traditional restoration model mainly focuses on landscape recurrence restoration (eliminating geological hazards and vegetation coverage), and less takes into account environmental quality restoration (controlling water, air and soil pollution) and biological restoration (restoring biological communities and species). At present, the mode of mine environmental treatment and restoration is simple, resulting in the economic and social benefits are not obvious, and the investment and return have not formed a virtuous cycle.

Adhere to the priority of ecological restoration and management, adopt the "development, governance", according to the type of mine and regional location of the ecological environment state index and the degree of damage to the surrounding environment, classified policies, regional control, hierarchical governance, step by step. On the basis of the landscape reproduction model, we should expand a variety of potential restoration models, and transition from land reclamation to a diversified development trend that takes into account the benefits of all aspects. At present, there are not many examples of mine parks, country parks and creative and cultural industry models in China, and they have not formed a scale and industrial chain, which can become the future direction of operation. Seize the opportunity of the country to vigorously implement the rural revitalization strategy, make full use of various policies to help and benefit agriculture, and repair and manage abandoned mines well while building new rural areas.

2.4 Restoration Works

In recent years, the implementation effect of the mine rehabilitation project has made obvious progress, but there are still problems such as unreasonable restoration plans and goal setting, lack of scientific and normative, low restoration standards for most management projects, low participation in funds, less acceptance standards and norms, and uneven acceptance quality.

Local governments and restoration enterprises should work out different types of mine restoration plans according to factors such as the type of mine pollution, the degree of ecological environmental damage, and human geography, with phased indicators and the completion time of the overall restoration target, and conduct strict review with high standards to avoid loopholes in the plans. Mine restoration funds are strictly managed as a whole, and their use is supervised and inspected by means of "random sampling of inspection objects in the supervision process, random selection of law enforcement inspectors, and timely disclosure of random inspection and investigation results to the public" (referred to as "double random, one public") to ensure that all funds are reasonably used in restoration projects. Revise and improve the acceptance standards of the project, hire qualified and experienced mine restoration related institutions, third-party design institutes and mine management companies to carry out the one-by-one acceptance inspection of the mine treatment plan, medium-term objectives and ecological restoration after treatment, and put forward targeted improvement plans for the problems and deficiencies found in the acceptance, so as to promote rectification through acceptance and avoid inadequate treatment measures. The phenomenon of substandard treatment projects occurs.