Types of mines

1. Scale

Mines include coal mines, metallic mines, non-metallic mines, building materials mines and chemical mines. Mine size (also called production capacity) is usually expressed in terms of annual or daily production. Annual production is the amount of ore produced by the mine each year. According to the size of the output, it is divided into three types: large, medium and small. The size of the mine scale should be commensurate with the economic and reasonable service life of the mine, only in this way can we save capital construction costs and reduce costs. In the process of mining production, mining operation not only consumes the most manpower and material resources, occupies the most funds, but also has the greatest potential to reduce mining costs. The main way to reduce mining cost is to improve labor productivity and product quality and reduce material consumption.

2. Digital mines

Canada has developed a vision plan to be realized by 2050: a mine in the remote northern region of Canada will be realized as an unmanned mine, from Sudbury through satellite control of all equipment in the mine to achieve mechanical automatic crushing and automatic cutting mining; The Finnish mining industry also announced its own intelligent mining technology program in 1992, involving 28 topics such as real-time mining process control, real-time resource management, mine information network construction, new machinery application and automatic control; Sweden has also developed a strategic plan "Grountecknik 2000" to advance towards mine automation. China University of Mining and Technology has also carried out technical development and application research in mining robot (MR), mining Geographic information system (MGIS) [1, 2], three-dimensional geoscience simulation (3DGM), mining virtual reality (MVR), mining GPS positioning and other aspects.

In July 1997, the Australian Commonwealth Science and Industry Organisation (CSIRO) developed a three-year research plan on coal exploration and mining, with an investment of $31 million, focusing on 18 specific projects in six areas: resource assessment, mining process innovation, mine gas control and utilization, automation, safety and material fine control. Among them, geological assessment and emergency response are the two most distinctive items. 1) Geological assessment: a 3D block model-based software was developed to assess the stratigraphic environment (sedimentary environment) of a mine or mining area; An interactive 3D (and 4D) software package for 3D visualization of heterogeneous data (microseismic monitoring data, neutron gamma sampling data, etc.); The rock mass deformation after mining is simulated by finite element/finite difference (FE/FD) model. 2) First aid response: Developed a personal safety positioning and monitoring system, which is composed of control devices, monitoring equipment, network lights and miners' different frequency radar transceiver unit, with wireless communication capability, and can report the location and safety status of underground miners even after underground disasters such as gas explosions; And developed a remote control unmanned ambulance called Numbat, used for emergency rescue of the wounded after the explosion.

With the application of real-time mine survey, GPS real-time navigation and remote control, GIS management and auxiliary decision making and 3DGM, some large open pit mines in the world (including Pingshuo and Huolinhe mining area in China) have been able to generate deposit models and mining plans in the office, and connect with stope equipment to form a dynamic management and remote control command system. In addition, Artificial intelligence technologies such as expert system, neural network, fuzzy logic, adaptive pattern recognition, genetic algorithm, GPS technology, parallel computing technology, radio frequency identification technology, global optimization method for rock mechanics problems and remote sensing technology have been applied in intelligent mine geological exploration and survey, intelligent mine design, intelligent mine mining, planning and control, and remote sensing of mine disasters The research field of paper has been applied.

3. Mine rescue

In the process of mine construction and production, due to complex natural conditions, poor working environment, coupled with people's understanding of the objective laws of mine disasters is not comprehensive and in-depth, sometimes paralyzed carelessness and illegal operations, illegal command, which causes the possibility of some disasters. In order to deal with mine accidents quickly and effectively, protect the life safety of workers, and reduce the loss of national resources and property, it is necessary to do a good job of rescue work in accordance with the requirements of the two "regulations" (coal mine safety regulations, coal mine rescue regulations). At the same time, it is necessary to educate employees how to actively carry out self-rescue and mutual rescue in the event of an accident.

Mine rescue team is a professional team dealing with mine fire, gas, coal dust, water, roof and other disasters, is a professional, technical organization, strict implementation of military management. Practice has proved that mine rescue teams play an important role in preventing and dealing with mine disasters and accidents.