Global ecological restoration of abandoned mines

Not long ago, we investigated in Heze, Shandong Province, and found that two large lakes were formed in the coal mine subsidence area, and their locations were exactly in the ancient Daye area.

If Shandong Dongying is a veritably Yellow River delta, then historically Heze is located in the area of Lu, Henan, Anhui and Jiangsu, precisely because of the barrier of the Taiyi Mountains on the Shandong Peninsula, and the formation of the Yellow River from Henan Kaifeng as the boundary, the new Yellow River to the northeast, and the Yellow River to the southeast inclined to Huai-Su, the big "delta" region held by. And this area is precisely the birthplace and gathering place of Chinese civilization.

There are many relics of prehistoric civilization here: there are Huaxu Lei Ze track, Fuxi origin ancestral land, Shennong from Lishan Mountain, Zhuanxu ruins, Yao burial valley forest, Shun farming Lishan Mountain, Yu river, Zhuolu wild, and so on. Archaeological discovery of Dawenkou site, Longshan cultural sites and so on. Historical legend has dragon born Lei Ze, west hunting Lin and so on.

In the southeast of the subsidence area, there used to be Fenghuang, Xuanwu, Qinglong and White Tiger four elephant mountains. However, due to the quartering in recent years, four deep ponds of tens of meters have been formed, and the four mountains have become four ponds. The chiselled mountain landscape is jagged and strange, and it has quite primitive features. The formation of an ancient cultural tourism experience scenic spot (see "Southwest Shandong Dashize Culture Exploration").

In the process of urbanization construction, abandoned mines (quarries) bring more serious landscape ecological problems to the city, such as soil erosion, threat to urban flood control, reduction of biological diversity, damage to the surface, etc., and have a certain impact on the sustainable development of urban ecology, society and economy.

According to the research and practical analysis of the transformation of abandoned quarry at home and abroad, the transformation of abandoned quarry is mainly to add humanistic landscape elements on the basis of its own land resources and unique natural landscape, and transform it into wetland park, ecological park, urban park and other tourist attractions with educational significance while restoring ecology.

01. Main technologies of mine restoration abroad

The western developed countries began the related work of ecological restoration of quarry at the beginning of last century.

Britain, the United States, Australia and other developed countries have a long history of mining, and the initial research on restoration ecology mainly focused on the restoration of abandoned land vegetation left after mining. In 1971, the reclamation rate of mine land in the United States was 79.5%.

The concept of land reclamation in the United States mainly emphasizes the ability to restore to the state before destruction, requiring the restoration of farmland and forests, and the control of water erosion and toxic sediment. Ensure that the land surface remains unchanged and the water table remains at its original level; Keep the topsoil in its original position; Pay attention to the prevention and control of harmful and acidic substances; Prevent landslides and other disasters caused by deposits.

Since 1940, Germany has paid great attention to reducing the damage to the ecological environment to the greatest extent in the mining process. The reclamation after mining is not only planting trees or land preparation, but also considering the ecological changes and residents' environmental requirements from a macro perspective.

Because of its dense population and developed industry, France first prevents pollution and restores ecological balance without changing the area of agriculture and forestry. France attaches great importance to planting grass in open waste dumps and promoting the activation of soil, which becomes new farmland after certain reclamation.

The Australian government attaches great importance to the restoration of abandoned mining areas, strictly regulates the ecological environment of production mining areas, and adheres to the road of sustainable ecological mining. It combines multi-expertise and introduces many new computer technologies, and now uses reclamation as part of the mining process.

In countries such as the United States and Australia, the modern 3S technology and other new technologies and new concepts currently quoted have been widely used in ecological restoration. The goal of ecological restoration is not only to plant trees and grass, but to establish a complete ecological service system that can maintain itself and run well.

The United Kingdom and the United States produced the earliest engineering greening technology, in the early 1940s, some European and American countries to prevent slope rain erosion invented plant POTS, hydraulic spray seeding technology; The United Kingdom invented plant seed spray and spray emulsion asphalt technology, and Japan developed a more practical spray greening technology after several tests in 1958.