How do foreign countries do in mine ecological environment governance?

In the process of mining, a large amount of land has become abandoned land due to the loss of utilization value, such as open-pit stope, waste rock yard, tailings reservoir, subsidence area, etc. Mine restoration is to repair the pollution of abandoned mining land and realize the reuse of land resources. Under natural conditions, it takes about 100 years for the abandoned mining land to recover its habitat through natural succession. Therefore, it is particularly necessary to restore the ecological environment of mine wasteland through manual intervention. It can be said that mine ecological restoration is not only one of the important steps to alleviate soil loss and desertification, but also one of the important means to explore its value through mine ecological restoration, transformation and utilization.

At present, with the attention of countries all over the world to the ecological environment, many countries have paid attention to the restoration of mines and increased the ecological construction of mining areas. It is understood that there are many successful cases for mine transformation at home and abroad, and there are mainly seven types: ecological restoration class, natural resources utilization class, tourism development class, reclamation class, water diversion class, waste treatment plant class, storage class. Among them, ecological restoration and tourism development occupy more than half of the mine restoration cases, and have high restoration value. In practice, the transformation of abandoned quarry is mainly to add humanistic landscape elements on the basis of its own land resources and unique natural landscape, and transform it into wetland park, ecological park, urban park and other tourist attractions while restoring ecology.

(I)At the beginning of the last century, the Western developed countries began the related work of ecological restoration of quarry. Britain, the United States, Australia and other developed countries have a long history of mining, and the initial research on restoration ecology mainly focused on the restoration of abandoned land vegetation left after mining. In 1971, the reclamation rate of mine land in the United States was 79.5%. The concept of land reclamation in the United States mainly emphasizes the ability to restore to the state before destruction, requiring the restoration of farmland and forests, and the control of water erosion and toxic sediment. Ensure that the land surface remains unchanged and the water table remains at its original level; Keep the topsoil in its original position; Pay attention to the prevention and control of harmful and acidic substances; Prevent landslides and other disasters caused by deposits. Since 1940, Germany has paid great attention to minimizing the destruction of the ecological environment in the mining process, and the reclamation after mining is not only planting trees or land preparation, but also considering the ecological changes and residents' environmental requirements from a macro perspective. Because of its dense population and developed industry, France first prevents pollution and restores ecological balance without changing the area of agriculture and forestry. France attaches great importance to planting grass in open waste dumps and promoting the activation of soil, which becomes new farmland after certain reclamation. The Australian government attaches great importance to the restoration of abandoned mining areas, and strictly manages the ecological environment of production mining areas, adheres to the road of sustainable ecological mining, implements multi-professional joint investment, and introduces many new computer technologies, and now has reclamation as part of the mining process. In countries such as the United States and Australia, the modern 3S technology and other new technologies and new concepts currently quoted have been widely used in ecological restoration. The goal of ecological restoration is not only to plant trees and grass, but to establish a complete ecological service system that can maintain itself and run well.

The United Kingdom and the United States produced the earliest engineering greening technology, in the early 1940s, some European and American countries to prevent slope rain erosion invented plant POTS, hydraulic spray seeding technology; The United Kingdom invented plant seed spray and spray emulsion asphalt technology, and Japan developed a more practical spray greening technology after several tests in 1958. In 1973, Japan developed a fiber soil greening method by mixing fiber, sandy soil and mud, and spraying in a step pattern. After 1960, some developed countries began to develop slope greening technology, combining engineering and vegetation, such as horizontal grid, planting bag greening and guest soil planting technology, and finally developed into spray mixed planting technology.

(2)The research on ecological restoration of abandoned mines in China started late. In the 60's of last century, our country began the practice of mining reclamation, mostly on the waste rock yard or closed tailings pond on the simple formation and afforestation. Due to the poor ecological environment, toxic matrix, lack of soil and other factors, the reclamation rate of mine abandoned land is still at a low level. With the gradual advancement of mining reclamation work in China, the research on ecological restoration technology of mining abandoned land has also been widely concerned, and has initially formed a certain scale after the 1990s of last century. In recent years, with the enhancement of China's economic strength and the enhancement of ecological environmental protection awareness, people pay more and more attention to the ecological restoration and transformation of abandoned mines. The research field mainly focuses on the abandoned land of coal mines and the vegetation cover of non-ferrous metal tailings ponds. At present, the domestic research on mining abandoned land is mainly combined with land development and land consolidation, and according to the actual situation, the abandoned mine development is transformed into industrial land, cultivated land, tourism landscape and tourism land, storage land, breeding land, military land or green land.