Mine geological environment ecological restoration

2. Problems of mine ecological environment

Ecological environment refers to the quantity and quality of water resources, land resources, biological resources and climate resources that affect human survival and development, and is a composite ecosystem related to sustainable social and economic development. In mining areas, the problem of mine ecological environment appears as an extension of the words "mine environment", "mine ecology" and "mine ecosystem", etc. In common use, the difference in terms is not distinguished, and users all use the concept of mine ecological environment or similar terms when talking about different problems of mine environment. Conceptually, the problem of mine ecological environment is more like the consideration of the entire mine ecosystem. However, this inclusive term is not conducive to elucidate the subdivision and connotation of the mine ecological environment.

Mine ecological environment problem and mine geological environment problem are in contrast to each other. We narrow the framework of mine geological environment problem, and put a wide range of mine geological environment problems or a certain part of mine environmental problems into the mine ecological environment problem, because this part of the problem is specific in the object of concern and ecological restoration. It is talked about on a purely ecological level, which is consistent with the "ecology" in the common sense. In academic research or practice, these problems are more summarized under the "ecological" framework and discussed in the "ecological" field. From a certain point of view, these problems are not only unique examples in the mining environment, but the "core problems" they can abstract are conducive to the solution of other ecological problems, not only the solution of geological environmental problems. The purpose of this division is to emphasize the differences of restoration concepts and methods in the ecological restoration of mine geological environment, and to clarify the differences of various types of problems in the purpose of ecological restoration of mine geological environment.

(1) Mine soil environment problems

It mainly refers to the problem that the physical and chemical properties of mining soil are affected under the influence of mining activities. This type of problem aims at the duration of mining activities and the damage to the physical and chemical properties of the soil that may be caused after the mine closure, and the damage to the mining areas growing on it. It is a kind of problem that needs long-term attention. Although there are many pollution objects, including cultivated crops, forest and grass, etc., the induced source is all mining activities, and theoretically the controllable way is the same. Mine soil environment is a hot issue in mine ecological environment monitoring and pollution control.

(2) The destruction of mine landform landscape

It mainly refers to the damage caused by surface collapse caused by mining activities to landform, cultural landscape and historical relics. This type of problem includes the concern about the destruction of surface natural landscape, the concern object is the evolving surface natural landscape itself, and the belief that the change of natural landscape caused by external intervention is the destruction of the natural form of ecological objects to some extent. It is worth noting that in the geological environment of mines, more attention is paid to the impact of geological disasters caused by mining collapse on neighboring objects (people and people's assets), which is also the reason for the division of mine ecological environment and mine geological environment.

3. Conceptual connotation of mine geological environment ecological restoration

(1) Concept development of land reclamation and mine geological environment protection

For the ecological damage caused by mining, the earlier focus was on land issues. People had a sense of spontaneous land consolidation and restoration earlier, but it did not become a system. Abroad, the United States and Germany are the first countries to carry out land reclamation work. The implementation and supervision of land reclamation and restoration projects cannot be separated from the constraints and supervision of laws and regulations. In the 1950s and 1960s, many industrialized countries accelerated the establishment and improvement of their own land reclamation laws and regulations, and consciously entered the era of scientific reclamation.

The land reclamation management in the United States has always been at the world's advanced level, whether it is the formulation of reclamation laws and regulations, or the practical activities of restoration projects, are in the forefront of the world. The research focus of mining reclamation in the United States is open pit. Germany has a long history of mining and land reclamation work was carried out earlier. As early as the Basic Mining Law amended in 1954, mining enterprises were required to pay attention to the protection and reclamation of the surface during the mining process and after the mining work, so that the ecological environment could be quickly restored. Land reclamation from the initial simple afforestation of mining land, to the economic benefit as the reclamation index, and then to the mixed reclamation model, all reflect the enhancement of ecological consciousness. Australia is considered to be one of the countries in the world that successfully dispose of disturbed land, with green reclamation concept, perfect reclamation management system and advanced reclamation technology and methods, and has achieved world-renowned results. Poland's coal mining methods and forms of land destruction are the most similar to our country, the proportion of mine mining is as high as 68%, but because the contradiction between people and land in Poland is not outstanding, land reclamation mainly focuses on the management of gangue mountain, for the formed coal mining subsidence land, is mostly reclamation according to the actual subsidence situation. In India, open pit mining accounts for 81% of all coal resources, and only 19% of coal is produced by shaft mining, and shaft mining mainly adopts room and pillar mining, so open pit coal mine is the main research object of land reclamation. Therefore, land reclamation in foreign countries is mainly based on open pit mines, and attaches great importance to the protection of ecological environment in mining areas, and regards reclamation work as an indispensable part of mining activities at the beginning of mining.