Basic knowledge of port

A port is a transport hub with land and water transport equipment and conditions for ships to safely enter and exit and berth, a gathering point and hub for land and water transport, a distribution center for industrial and agricultural products and foreign trade import and export materials, a place for ships to berth, load and unload cargo, disembark and disembark passengers, and supplement supplies.

Ports have always played an important role in the country's economic development, and ports are an important link in transportation. At present, maritime transport is one of the most important modes of transport in the international exchange of commodities, accounting for more than 80% of the total international cargo transport volume. Compared with other modes of transport, maritime transport has great advantages: (1) Ships are developing towards large-scale, and the volume of transport at one time; ② It is not limited by roads and tracks, and has stronger passing ability; ③ Most waterways are naturally formed, and the unit transportation cost of sea transportation is low. Of course, maritime transport also has adverse factors such as low speed, affected by weather and natural conditions, but its position and role in transport are unmatched by other modes of transport.

Port economy is an extremely important part in the development of China's Marine economy, and port and channel engineering survey is also an important part of our Marine survey. In the maintenance of wharf, anchorage and channel water depth before port construction, during construction and after completion, ocean engineering survey is the foundation to ensure the safe berthing, navigation and anchoring of ships.

Mention port

Anchorage: a body of water reserved for ships (fleets) to berth and carry out various operations on the water. Such as loading and unloading anchorage, berthing anchorage, wind shelter anchorage, diversion anchorage and quarantine anchorage.

Dug basin: A harbor basin excavated from the shore. This kind of harbor pond can be built when the terrain conditions are suitable or the shoreline is insufficient.

Enclosed harbor basin: A harbor basin constructed in an area with a large tidal range and separated from the water outside the harbor basin by a gate or lock.

Open basin: the water surface of the basin changes with the rise and fall of the water level, and there is no gate or lock. It is one of the most common forms of sea and river ports, which is relative to closed harbor ponds.

Frontage waters: waters in front of a wharf for ships to dock and carry out loading and unloading operations. The water area in front of the wharf requires small wind waves, stable water flow, certain depth and width, which can meet the requirements of ship loading and unloading operations.

Water depth at the front of the wharf: the water depth required by the loading and unloading operation of the design standard ship type can be guaranteed in any case in front of the wharf.

Port depth: Usually refers to a certain controlled water depth at which ships can enter and exit a port for operation. The depth of a port is one of the important characteristics of a port, indicating its natural conditions and the basic limits that ships can use. Under this control water depth limit, the depth of each part can be different (actually), and the depth of a specific part is mainly selected according to the use requirements and economic rationality.

Turning waters: also known as turning head waters. A body of water designated for ships when they need to turn around or change course when leaving the dock or entering or leaving the port. Its size is related to the size of the ship, the way of turning, the current and the wind speed and direction.

Port waters: the area of water within the port boundary. It generally must meet two basic requirements: that is, the ship can safely enter and leave the port and dock; Capable of stable berthing and handling operations. The water area of the port mainly includes the water area in front of the wharf, the channel in and out of the port, the water area of the ship turning head, the anchorage and the navigational aid sign.

Tide level: When the ship passes through the local shallow section of the channel (including the inlet channel), due to the insufficient water depth, a certain high tide level is often used to increase the navigation depth to make the ship pass. This enables the ship to pass through the shallow section of the channel in a certain period of time by a certain larger tide level is called the tide level.

Access channel: the channel through which ships enter and exit the waters of the port area and connect with the main waterway. Generally located in natural water depth is good, the amount of mud and sand back silt is small, as far as possible to avoid cross wind and cross flow and not affected by ice and other waters. The direction of its arrangement should be straight line with the water flow. Depending on the frequency of the ship's navigation, single-lane or double-lane channels can be used respectively.