Present situation and countermeasures of economic development and ecological protection of mining industry in China

Mining in the protected areas will be allowed, subject to a re-evaluation of the environmental protection areas. The protected area can be roughly divided into core area and general area, in which no mineral resource exploitation activities shall be carried out in the core area. If the minerals urgently needed by the state are found in the core area and need to be developed, it is suggested to weigh the relationship between the protected area and the minerals urgently needed by the state on the basis of following the protection principles, and find out whether the focus of the protected area protection is in conflict with the mineral resource development project. At the same time, it stipulates that enterprises should set up factories in the general area, avoid the phenomenon of "one size fits all", and take effective means to achieve the peaceful coexistence of mining rights and protected areas as far as possible.

3.3 Multi-channel governance to speed up ecological restoration

3.3.1 According to local conditions, classified governance

In ecological governance, we should adopt different governance methods according to the environmental problems arising from different mining and different regions. For the geological environment problems caused by large-scale mining, it is suggested to pay attention to and rectify them, first eliminate the hidden danger of geological disasters, and then carry out backfilling, reclamation and collapse reconstruction according to the actual characteristics of geological environment. For the mining of small and medium-sized mines, it is recommended to control wastewater to protect groundwater from pollution, and at the same time deal with the problem of tailings accumulation, and implement treatment while mining, so as to avoid the point pollution source of small and medium-sized mines becoming linear pollution or planar pollution, and control the impact of ecological environment in a small range. In view of the pollution of water and soil resources caused by the discharge of wastewater and waste gas from metal mining, it is suggested that decontamination should be carried out first, and then land reclamation or afforestation should be carried out according to the regional characteristics to restore the comprehensive stability of the ecosystem in the mining area. For the phenomenon of soil and water loss caused by non-metallic mineral mining, the degradation of ecological environment should be mainly paid attention to. Vegetation restoration or planting crops can be used for soil improvement, or stable shelterbelt ecosystem can be established. For open pit mining, it is recommended to minimize the area of open pit mining, dump and tailings reservoir, so as to reduce the impact area of sand, dust and compaction area of open pit mining, and minimize the impact of mining activities on the ecological environment as much as possible.

3.3.2 Promote the ecological restoration of mines and establish a market-oriented management model

1) Accelerate the process of ecological restoration and management of mines. Generally, the abandoned mines after mining lack effective replacement industries, because they are idle for a long time and the maintenance is not in place, it is easy to appear sustainable degradation. Therefore, it is necessary to follow the local natural conditions and environmental inheritance needs, combined with the mine's own resource characteristics, consider the utilization of abandoned mine land after restoration according to local conditions, carry out overall planning and systematic implementation through "restoration - utilization - transformation", realize the ecological restoration, development and utilization of abandoned mine land, and find the method of ecological balance and coordinated construction. For the abandoned mines located in cities with relatively flat surface, backfill can be used to transform them into building land to promote urban transformation. For non-metallic abandoned mines in plain, remote, light water pollution, and small soil quality loss, land leveling measures can be adopted to transform them into agricultural land, and cultivate local superior crops to restore the production capacity of the land. For the mining parks with good ecological landscape or long mining development history and deep mining culture, they can be transformed into ecological parks, mining parks, geological parks, etc., to promote the sustainable development of mining and tourism economy; For the mines with serious ecological damage, natural restoration should be the main method