Five major regional mine environmental geological problems

The first chapter is the regional distribution characteristics of environmental geological problems in mines in China

China is the world's third largest mining country, its mineral resources account for about 14.6% of the world's mineral resources, mining 193 kinds of minerals. Mineral resources play an important basic role in China's social and economic development, about 95% of the primary energy and more than 80% of industrial raw materials, most of the agricultural production means and 1/3 of the drinking water are from mineral resources. While constantly developing mineral resources to meet the needs of daily life, people have caused many environmental geological problems because of the unreasonable frequent exploitation of mineral resources, which has changed and destroyed the natural environment around the mining area.

1. Regional distribution profiles of different geological environments

Mine environmental geological problems are greatly affected by regional geological environment conditions, and the types of environmental geological problems caused by mining in different geological environment regions are very different. For example, mining in mountainous areas is prone to collapse, landslide, debris flow and other disasters, while mining in plain basin areas will aggravate the destruction of vegetation and the occurrence of ground collapse.

China's geological environment conditions are complex and diverse. According to the factors of China's landform, meteorology and hydrology, vegetation, geotechnical properties and primary environmental geological problems, the geological environment background affecting the distribution of environmental geological problems in China's mines can be divided into six major geological environment regions. In terms of different geological environment regions, the occurrence times of mine geological disasters from high to low are middle-high mountain region, middle-low hill region, plain basin region, loess plateau region, Gobi desert region and permafrost region. Among them, Sichuan, West, Yunnan, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Guangxi and other regions are intermixed with mountains and rivers, with many valleys, and the climate is wet and rainy. The development of debris flow, landslide and collapse is more serious. The number and types of geological disasters caused by different types of mining are also different, among which the coal mine problem is more serious than the metal mine, the metal mine problem is more serious than the non-metal mine.

2. Mine environmental geological problems in different geological environment regions

2.1 Middle and high mountain areas

The middle and high mountain areas are rich in minerals, mainly developed minerals are coal, metal minerals such as gold, lead zinc ore, iron, copper, manganese, tin and non-metallic minerals, and its mining development degree is strong. However, because the region is located in the high mountainous area, the main disaster types of mining are debris flow, landslide, collapse and so on. Secondly, the mining of metal mines and coal mines can easily lead to water and soil environmental pollution, vegetation destruction, land occupation and ground collapse. 

2.2 Middle and low hilly areas

The middle and low mountain and hilly areas have good natural ecological environment, dense population, fast economic development and high mining development intensity. Mainly mining coal, iron, gold, tungsten tin ore, rare earth ore and non-metallic building materials and other minerals, and coal mining and metal mining is the main problem of environmental geological damage. The main problems in coal mines are: Ground collapse, ground cracks and drainage pollution, etc. Its prominent mining areas are mainly distributed in Hegang of Heilongjiang Province, Fuxin of Liaoning Province, Yuanbaoshan Coal mine area of Chifeng, Inner Mongolia → Tai 'an Coal mine area of Taishan and Jiaodong Peninsula, Laiwu coal and iron mine area, Zibo coal and iron mine area, Loudi City in Hunan Province, Lengshuijiang City in Hunan Province, Yizhan County Yangmeishan coal mine area → Guangxi Heshan coal mine area in southern Guangxi Province, etc.

The most prominent problems in metal mining are the pollution of water and soil caused by acid wastewater and heavy metals. The second is land occupation and debris flow, collapse, landslide. It is mainly distributed in Chenzhou Shizhuyuan non-ferrous metal mining area, Yizhang County Yaogangxian tungsten ore area, Manaoshan iron manganese ore area, Ganzhou Dexing copper cope-Jinshan gold mining area, Gannan Chunyuyu tungsten ore development zone and Jiaodong Peninsula gold mining area.

The distribution area of non-metallic mines is mainly in Zhejiang and other places, and the province mainly mines building materials such as brick clay, sand and limestone for construction. Among them, land occupation and destruction and ground collapse are the main environmental geological problems in this region. The number of subsidence and the area of subsidence area account for 83% and 75% of the total number of subsidence mines, respectively. Jinhua fluorite mining area in Zhejiang Province is one of the most serious areas of ground collapse.