The main problems and solutions of mine ecological restoration

In the face of complex mining environmental damage problems, restoration methods and technologies need to be innovated, enriched and promoted, and the connotation of scientific restoration should be enriched from the scientific, different, advanced and economic aspects of technology, so as to balance the restoration benefits with funds and policy investment. Although there are many kinds of ecological restoration technologies, there are often some basic common technologies for ecological restoration, which is also the key to ecological restoration. Water is the source of life, soil is the basis of life, and plants are the root of life. Therefore, water, soil and plants are the three major elements of ecological restoration, and the restoration technology centering on these three major elements is the common core technology, namely, geomorphic remodeling, soil reconstruction and vegetation restoration.

(1) Geomorphic remodeling refers to the reconstruction of a new landform in harmony with the surrounding landscape by taking measures such as orderly discharge and land reshaping, aiming at the landform characteristics of the mining area, combined with mining design, mining technology and land damage methods, so as to eliminate and alleviate factors affecting vegetation restoration and land productivity improvement to the maximum extent. In general, Geomorphic remodeling is the basis of land quality restoration in mining area.

(2) Soil reconstruction is the purpose of soil restoration or reconstruction of the damaged land in the mining area. Appropriate reconstruction technology and engineering measures as well as physical, chemical, biological and ecological measures are adopted to reconstruct a suitable soil profile, restore and improve the productivity of the reconstructed soil in a short period of time, and improve the environmental quality of the reconstructed soil.

(3) On the basis of geomorphic remodeling and soil reconstruction, vegetation restoration is based on the selection of pioneer plants and suitable plants and other vegetation configuration, planting and management for different damaged land types and degrees, combined with climate, elevation, slope, slope direction, surface material composition and effective soil layer thickness. To maintain the stability of the restored plant community.

Natural geomorphic remodeling, soil reconstruction and vegetation restoration have become a consensus, but how to define and realize the imitation of natural restoration is still a difficult problem and bottleneck to be solved. At present, there are also many cases due to the imitation of only part of the original ecological environment structure or the imitation is not in place, resulting in unreasonable reconstruction of the landscape, low soil productivity, vegetation population allocation and so on. The author believes that ecological restoration is a gradual and dynamic process, and the restoration scheme should be planned systematically and scientifically according to the original landform characteristics of the mining area, from the aspects of basin connectivity, landscape connectivity, ecological structure stability and so on. Therefore, the basic theories of the three key technologies of geomorphic remodeling, soil remodeling and vegetation restoration should be deeply studied to achieve a major breakthrough in the theory and practice of imitating nature restoration as soon as possible

2.3 Improve the supervision mechanism and implement it

As mentioned above, the Regulations on the Protection of Mining Geological Environment and the Measures for the Implementation of Land Reclamation Regulations have put forward requirements for the monitoring and supervision of mine ecological restoration, but due to the involvement of mining enterprises, the public, restoration enterprises and other multi-party interests, the implementation has not been in place so far. In 2021, the Ministry of Natural Resources plans to complete the inspection of the damage pattern of the national abandoned mines, after which the ecological restoration plan will be formulated and the treatment results will be monitored annually. At the same time, combined with the reform of mining rights, it is planned to strengthen the supervision and management of ecological restoration in production mines, and normalize the annual report system.

Some provinces and cities are trying to establish a big data platform for the supervision of mine ecological restoration to gradually implement the supervision mechanism. If the mechanism operates normally, the old account of ecological restoration will be completed year by year, and the new account will not increase or increase less, and the monitoring and supervision of mine ecological restoration with the help of big data platform is a practical way. Therefore, in the new round of territorial space planning and territorial space ecological restoration planning, self-examination is required to establish a database in the county, and the ecological restoration work will fall to the map spot, including the ecological restoration work in mines. For example, the big data platform for territorial ecological restoration in Shaanxi Province can realize the unified information platform, unified portal and unified management of geological environment monitoring, management and restoration, land reclamation, development management, comprehensive management of territorial space, restoration of mountain, water, forest, farmland, lake and grassland system in Shaanxi Province. At the same time, the implementation of the annual report system of mine ecological restoration is also crucial, and the future focus is to improve its reporting, approval and acceptance system, clarify responsibilities and time requirements of each link, and formulate corresponding incentives and punishment measures.