Summary and consideration of the research status of green mine construction in China

Since the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the construction of ecological civilization has risen to an unprecedented height, and the construction of ecological civilization in China's mining industry has continued to advance, and the construction of green mines, as an important content and effective starting point of the construction of ecological civilization in the mining industry, has been highly valued by the management department. The announcement of the national Green Mine List marks that China's green mine construction has officially entered the management period of the list, and it is also a stage summary of the vivid practice of the conclusion that "green water and green mountains are gold mountains and silver mountains" in the mining field. During the formation of the list, especially since the Ministry of Natural Resources deployed the 2019 green mine selection work in June 2019, green mine construction has become a hot spot in the field of mineral resources research, and has attracted the attention of many researchers and enterprise managers engaged in mineral resources management and research.

1. Basic connotation of green mine

With the progress of The Times and society, the connotation of green mine continues to develop and enrich, and many scholars have put forward their own views and propositions, which has laid a valuable theoretical foundation for promoting the construction of green mine. Some scholars believe that green mining is a change to the traditional mining industry, through intensive conservation and comprehensive utilization, the implementation of green and clean production, will change the traditional mining industry "stupid big rough black" image. Ma Can believes that in the process of scientific, orderly and reasonable development and utilization of mineral resources, green mines need to restore and control pollution, mine geological disasters and ecological damage imbalance to the maximum extent. Zhang Yingliang and others proposed that green mines should adopt scientific design and advanced and reasonable measures to ensure that the whole life cycle of mines is always coordinated with the surrounding environment and meets the requirements of sustainable development of society. Yang Xiaobo et al. believe that green mines should adhere to the principles of scientific and orderly mining, efficient utilization and low emission, gradually realize the utilization of mineral components characterized by efficient recycling of resources, and reduce the impact of economic activities such as mining on the natural environment to as small a degree as possible.

More scholars believe that green mines should pay attention to environmental protection and low-carbon, but also consider more deeper factors such as safety and harmony, and carry out all-factor and all-process management in the construction process. Shi Jingxi believes that green mining is a deep-seated "green" of the whole industrial chain covering mining, safety, production, management, environmental protection, resource utilization, scientific and technological innovation, community harmony, and corporate culture. Zhang Yu stressed that the construction of green mines needs to carry out comprehensive evaluation, supervision and assessment before, during and after the economic, technical and social factors of mining enterprises. Hou Huali et al. proposed that green mine construction is a systematic project with strong professionalism and technology, which requires both macro-level policy grasp and micro-level technical support, including concepts and methods, engineering technology, norms and standards, system management and other levels.

In addition to the continuous enrichment of the concept and connotation of green mines in the academic research field, government departments have investigated and combed the practice of green mine construction in recent years under the background of ecological civilization construction, giving green mines the characteristics of "five modernizations". In 2018, the green mine construction standards of nine major industries, including the "Code for the Construction of Green Mines in the Non-ferrous Metal Industry" officially announced by the Ministry of Natural Resources, defined green mines as: In the whole process of mineral resources development, implement scientific and orderly mining, control the ecological environment disturbance in the mining area and the surrounding area within a controllable range, and realize the ecological environment of the mining area, scientific mining mode, efficient resource utilization, standardized enterprise management and harmonious mining community.

This paper believes that green mining is to run the concept of green development through the whole process of mineral resource exploration, development and utilization. On the basis of running mines in accordance with the law and standardizing management, through taking the initiative to carry out scientific and technological innovation, make full use of information, digitization and intelligent technology, improve the level of automation, modernization and wisdom of mine production and operation, and improve the comprehensive utilization efficiency of resources and production and operation efficiency. To minimize the adverse impact and damage to the living environment and ecological environment around the mining area, and finally realize the win-win-win of economic benefits, ecological benefits and social benefits, as well as the goal of "clear water and green mountains outside, Jinshan and silver mountains inside".

2. Green mine construction process and results

2.1 Green mine construction process

In November 2007, under the requirements of the era of in-depth implementation of the scientific Outlook on development, in order to promote the transformation of the mining development mode and ensure the healthy and sustainable development of the mining industry, the former Ministry of Land and Resources proposed "adhering to the scientific outlook on development and promoting green mining". The new concept of "green mining" has been formally put forward, and the construction of green mines has begun a nationwide "planning layout".

In December 2008, the National Mineral Resources Plan (2008-2015) approved by The State Council clarified the overall requirements for the development of green mining for the first time, and determined the development goal of "basically establishing a green mine pattern by 2020". Since then, green mine construction has been included in the national top-level design of mineral resources development and utilization.

In August 2010, the former Ministry of Land and Resources officially issued the Guiding Opinions on the Implementation of the National Mineral Resources Plan, the Development of Green Mining and the Construction of Green Mines (Land Resources Development [2010] No. 119), which clearly put forward nine basic conditions for national green mines. This is the first green mine construction management document officially issued in China, marking the official start of China's green mine construction work.

From 2011 to 2014, the former Ministry of Land and Resources announced 661 national green mine pilot units in four batches in accordance with the principle of "pilot first and overall promotion". Many pilot units through the use of advanced and applicable technology and equipment, intensive and efficient development, and gradually reduce the marginal cost, in recent years when the mining economy is down to achieve better development, of which 398 have been selected into the national green mine list. The promotion of the pilot work has accumulated a large number of typical cases and management experience for the comprehensive promotion of green mine construction.

From 2015 to 2017, the construction of green mines has been attached importance by relevant central departments. It has been written into important documents such as the Opinions of the CPC Central Committee and The State Council on Accelerating the Construction of Ecological Civilization, the Outline of the 13th Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development (2016-2020), the National Mineral Resources Plan (2016-2020), and the Guiding Opinions of the CPC Central Committee and The State Council on Carrying out Quality Improvement Actions. As an important part of the high-quality development of the mining economy, the construction of green mines has gradually been incorporated into the national development strategy and risen to the national action.

In March 2017, the former Ministry of Land and Resources, the Ministry of Finance, the former Ministry of Environmental Protection, the former General Administration of Quality Supervision, the former China Banking Regulatory Commission, the Securities Regulatory Commission and other six ministries issued the "Implementation Opinions on Accelerating the Construction of Green Mines" (Land Resources Regulation [2017] No. 4, hereinafter referred to as "No. 4 Document"). The general ideas, main objectives, key tasks and policy measures of green development of mining industry under the new situation are clarified. The issuance of Document No. 4 marks that the construction of green mines in China has entered the stage of comprehensive promotion, and the development of green mining and the construction of green mines have become the consensus of the whole society on the future development of mining. Subsequently, the provinces (regions and cities) conscientiously implement, formulate plans or plans in accordance with local actual conditions, and actively promote the construction of green mines.

In June 2018, the Ministry of Natural Resources announced the release of 9 green mine construction industry specifications for non-ferrous metals, metallurgy, coal, chemical industry, gold, onshore oil and gas, non-metallic ore, sand, cement limestone, etc., marking that China's green mine construction has entered a new stage of institutionalization, standardization and standardization, and has played a strong support and guarantee role in the green development of China's mining industry.

In 2019, on the basis of systematically summarizing the construction of the former national green mine pilot units and the progress of green mine construction in provinces (regions and municipalities), the Ministry of Natural Resources organized the selection of green mines, and finally included 953 mining enterprises in the national Green Mine List. The release of the list will encourage and guide more mining enterprises to take the initiative to carry out green mine construction, and accelerate the construction of a new pattern of green mining development in China.

Since the green mine was proposed in 2007, it has defined the construction conditions, construction objectives, standards, norms, policies and measures, etc., and the green mine construction has gradually realized the transformation from pilot exploration to comprehensive promotion, and from administrative promotion to standard guidance. In the future, with the increasing needs of the people for a beautiful ecological environment, the construction of ecological civilization will be promoted with greater efforts, the green development of mining industry will become an inevitable trend, and the construction of green mines by mining enterprises will become an inevitable choice. However, because the green mine construction involves a wide range of professional fields and many management departments, the green mine construction evaluation standard system, the management system of third-party evaluation institutions, and incentive policies and measures have yet to be established, improved and perfected in further practice and exploration.

2.2 Results of green mine construction

After more than ten years of exploration and practice, China's green mine construction has become an important starting point to change the mining development mode, enhance the overall image of the mining industry, and promote the healthy and sustainable development of the mining industry, and all localities have actively promoted it, greatly improved the policy standard system, and highlighted the construction results.

2.2.1 The green mine management policy system has been gradually formed

Since the approval and implementation of the National Mineral Resources Plan (2016-2020), all provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) have clarified the green development goals and requirements of the mining industry in their respective provincial mineral resources plans. After the issuance of Document No. 4, in addition to Tianjin and Shanghai, 29 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) issued green mine construction work programs or plans jointly drafted by a number of departments in order to refine the implementation of green mine construction requirements. In addition, some provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) have taken green mines as key work in the field of mineral resources management, introduced local regulations or normative documents to promote construction, or promoted green mine construction as a key task in relevant documents. The green mine construction management policy system has gradually taken shape, providing a strong organizational guarantee for the green mine construction work.

2.2.2 The standard system of green mine construction has been gradually improved

After the release of 9 national industry standards such as the Code for the Construction of Green Mines in the non-metallic mining Industry, all localities actively study and formulate local standards in combination with local realities, or quantify evaluation indicators and establish evaluation methods on the basis of the 9 standards, providing a standard basis in line with local realities for the construction and management of green mines.

2.2.3 The emergence of advanced models drives regional green development

Under the guidance of policies and standards, the construction of green mines in various places has achieved remarkable results. The direct effect is to build a number of advanced green mine models with a very demonstrative role throughout the country. For example, vigorously carry out the technological innovation of mining and selection process, penetrate the "green" into the recycling of resources, technological innovation, energy saving and emission reduction, environmental protection and other aspects, and build a garden mine in the northwest desert Gobi of Qinghai Duran Jinhui Mining; At the beginning of the construction of the mine, high standards of construction, relying on strong scientific and technological support and advanced design concepts, explore the development of "mining area scenic spot, industrial ecology", and build a new green mine "not like a mine more like a park", Gansu Jinhui Mining Guojiagou lead-zinc mine. For mining enterprises, the most significant effect is the improvement of economic benefits. For example, eight iron and steel groups in Chengde County, Hebei Province, through scientific and technological innovation, transformation and use of advanced equipment and process technology, improve resource utilization efficiency, achieve a substantial increase in production capacity, reduce energy consumption level, and save 30% of electricity and 17% of water compared with the upgrading and transformation before. The final cost per ton of iron powder is reduced by 86 yuan. The continuous promotion of green mine construction has forced the survival of the fittest, transformation and upgrading of the mining industry, and led to regional green development. For example, Huzhou City, Zhejiang Province, through carrying out the construction of green mines in the whole area, the number of mines has been closed from more than 1,000 to the existing 47 green mines, of which 24 have been included in the national green Mine list. Huzhou City all open pit mining recovery rate reached 100%, the comprehensive utilization rate reached more than 99%, completely eradicated the "small scattered" problem, through dust suppression, energy saving, emission reduction, changed the "dirty" "dust" "water pollution" the old face. Through multiple planning integration and policy innovation in mineral resources, land and other aspects, the relationship between mineral resources development, land reclamation and follow-up industry development is planned in advance, and the efficient, full and reasonable utilization of mineral resources and land resources is realized, which promotes the development of green economy in Huzhou City.