Electrons can "fission" and release photons to obtain recoil

The third section of electrons can "fission" to release photons to obtain recoil

For the nuclei and free electrons in the free state, one with positive charge and the other with negative charge, they will inevitably attract each other only under the action of electrostatic force. As the distance between the free electrons and the nucleus continues to shrink, the electrostatic attraction of the free electrons will also increase rapidly, which inevitably leads to the internal binding force of the free electrons being insufficient to resist the tearing effect of the electrostatic attraction of the nucleus at some point. At this time, the electron will "fission" release the photon, and after the electron fission releases the photon, its mass decreases and the recoil effect of the photon is obtained, and the internal binding force rapidly increases, which can resist the tearing effect of the electrostatic gravity of the nucleus. Therefore, after the first "fission" of the free electron, it will move to a stable orbit far away from the nucleus and stay in this orbit under the reaction of the photon. Since electrons have only a few specific "magic mass numbers", there is only one way to release photons from the free electron to the first fission, and the free electron must be in the position of the "magic mass" of the internal binding force after fission (because other masses of electrons are unstable).

When the electrons that have undergone "fission" are subjected to the disturbance of the nucleus again and continue to get close to the nucleus, as the distance between the electrons and the nucleus continues to decrease, it will inevitably lead to the enhancement of the electrostatic gravitational tearing effect of the nucleus. When the internal binding force of the electrons is less than the electrostatic gravitational tearing effect of the nucleus at some point, The electrons will split again, release photons, lose mass and recoil again, and the internal binding force will increase rapidly... In the process of electron close to the nucleus, the electron may undergo several "fission", each "fission" after the internal bonding force of the electron will increase, the mass will decrease. Because the electrostatic attraction of the nucleus always reduces the fission mass of the electron, the closer the electron to the nucleus the greater the electrostatic attraction, the greater the possibility of the electron deformation and release of photons, so the same electron in its stable state, the closer the mass from the nucleus, the smaller the mass, the greater the mass from the nucleus, of course, the mass of the free state of the electron is the largest.

The magnetic interaction between the electron and the nucleus provides the angular velocity for the electron to rotate around the nucleus

Macroscopic point charges must not be able to form atom-like systems. In the macro, if two particles with dissimilar charges start at a certain distance apart, assuming that they are not acted on by other external forces, no matter what their mass and how much electricity they carry, they will attract each other along a straight line under the action of electrostatic force, and will not form an atom-like system in which one point charge rotates around another point charge.

An electron needs an angular velocity to move around the nucleus. It has been pointed out that an electron needs a certain angular velocity to rotate around the nucleus, and where does this angular velocity come from? In fact, this problem was considered as early as hundreds of years ago when Newton studied the motion of planets around the sun. Newton began to think about the formation of the solar system after discovering the gravitational force. He believed that God pushed the formation of the solar system at the beginning of its formation, which led to the formation of the solar system. Newton called this push the "first push of God" or called the "hand of God", Newton firmly believed in the existence of the "hand of God", and thus slipped into the study of theology in his later years, it is a pity.

Usually the magnetic force between wires. The physicist Ampere found that the energized wire will generate a magnetic field in the space around it, and the magnetic field direction generated by the different current direction is not the same, and the magnetic field generated by the energized wire can be determined by the right hand rule. If two energized wires are close enough, the magnetic fields formed by the two energized wires will influence each other: two parallel wires with current in the same direction will attract each other, and two parallel wires with current in opposite directions will repel each other. If the two parallel wires are not energized (there is no current inside), they will not affect each other. This discovery has implications for our study of atomic systems.

Assuming that the nucleus and the electron are at a certain distance apart and at rest with each other at the beginning, they will rapidly approach each other under the action of electrostatic acceleration, and the nucleus and the electron moving in opposite directions are equivalent to two parallel wires passing through the same direction of the current, they will have a magnetic effect and attract each other, and the greater the relative speed of the nucleus and the electron, the greater the magnetic effect. Thus: under the action of electrostatic gravity, the nucleus and the electron are close to each other, and under the action of magnetic force, the nucleus and the electron begin to rotate around each other, and eventually the nucleus and the electron are close to each other along the helix and form a stable atomic system in which the electron rotates around the nucleus. Here we see that because the magnetic force between the nucleus and the electron provides the initial velocity of the electron's rotation around the nucleus, the electrostatic force between the electron and the nucleus will attract them together in a straight line, and the magnetic force between the electron and the nucleus will rotate them around each other and eventually form the atomic system. Since the charge-mass ratio of the macroscopic charged particles is much smaller than that of the electron and the nucleus (how many orders of magnitude smaller can be calculated by interested friends), the speed of the macroscopic charged particles moving towards each other under the action of electrostatic force is very small, and the resulting magnetic force is insignificant enough to affect the motion of the macroscopic charged particles. So normally, macroscopic charged particles are attracted to each other in straight lines.

Why electrons don't fall into the nucleus. So why don't electrons fall into the nucleus under electrostatic and magnetic forces? We know that nuclei and electrons at a certain distance will be close to each other along the helix under the action of electrostatic and magnetic forces, and the electrons will be deformed under the strong tearing action of the electrostatic attraction of the nucleus; When the distance between the electron and the nucleus is close enough, the electron will inevitably "fission" and release photons to obtain recoil and further increase the speed of the electron around the nucleus. At this time, due to the increase in the speed of the electron around the nucleus, the centrifugal trend will also increase, so the electron will move farther away from the nucleus, so the electron will not fall into the nucleus. When an electron in a stable orbit is disturbed by the external disturbance directed at the nucleus, for example, when we apply high pressure to a substance, it will inevitably force the electron to move close to the nucleus. At this time, the electron will be torn by more electrostatic force because it is closer to the nucleus. In order to "save the car", the electron will continue to fission and release photons to obtain recoil, thus increasing the speed of the electron moving around the nucleus. To continue to counter the electrostatic pull of the nucleus. In the macroscopic world, even if one charged particle is artificially spun around another charged particle at high speed to form an atomic-like system (although this is difficult to do), the atomic-like system formed by the macroscopic charged particle is very fragile, and the atomic-like system will fall apart whether the particle is subjected to the disturbance of the nucleus or the disturbance of the near nucleus. The main reason is that the mass of macroscopic charged particles does not change, and they do not change their mass to maintain the equilibrium of atom-like systems. Here we have to admire the wonder of the material world, a small atomic system in the microscopic world is much more advanced and stable than the atom-like system we force to form with macroscopic charged particles.

The movement of electrons in the nucleus. Let an electron with a mass of M rotate stably around the nucleus in an orbit with a distance of R from the nucleus (at this time, the electron must be in a "magic number" peak position with a large internal binding force), at this time, the "tearing action" of the nucleus's electrostatic gravity must be less than the internal binding force of the electron, and this balance will be maintained if it is not disturbed by the outside world. Under normal circumstances, electrons are always subject to external disturbances (such as collisions between atoms, collisions between photons and electrons, etc.). If an electron is impacted by a photon of mass m pointing to the nucleus at a certain moment, because the electron is always in a "hungry state" under the electrostatic gravity of the nucleus. Therefore, at the moment of the encounter between the photon and the electron, the electron will absorb the photon and increase its mass and move towards the nucleus. Assuming that the distance of the electron moving towards the nucleus is r, then the distance from the electron to the nucleus (the radius of the electron around the nucleus) is R-R, and the internal binding force of the electron mass is M+ m, due to the increase of the electron mass, will inevitably decrease rapidly. The reduction of the distance between the electron and the nucleus will inevitably lead to the rapid increase of the tearing effect of the electrostatic attraction of the nucleus on the electron. If the internal binding force of the electron is less than the tearing effect of the electrostatic attraction of the nucleus on the electron, the electron will quickly "fission" to release a mass m photon and get a recoil back to the original orbit farther from the nucleus. It has been suggested that an electron with a mass of M+ m does not give off photons of other masses after fission. This is because electrons in the mass interval of M+ m and M-m, there is only a maximum binding energy - the corresponding mass is M, in other words, only the internal binding force of the mass of m is large enough to resist the electrostatic gravitational tearing of the nucleus, and other masses of electrons are unstable.

If at some point the electron is disturbed by a photon of mass m moving away from the nucleus, since the electron is in a "hungry state", the electron will absorb the photon and increase its mass and move away from the nucleus at the moment the photon meets the electron. Assuming that the furthest distance of the electron from the nucleus is R+r and the mass of the electron is M+m, since the original electron is at the peak of the "magic number of mass" with the greatest internal binding force, the internal binding force will inevitably decrease rapidly after the absorption of the photon, and the increase of the distance of the electron from the nucleus will lead to the reduction of the electrostatic attraction of the nucleus on the electron. If an electron with a mass of M+m is located at another peak position where the internal binding force is larger, if the tearing effect of the nucleus's electrostatic attraction on the electron is less than the internal binding force, the electron will stabilize in a new orbit R+r away from the nucleus, and the electron will transition after being excited. If the mass of M+m electron is not located in the peak position of the internal binding force is large, then the internal binding force of the new mass of M+m electron will be much less than that of the original mass of M electron. If the tearing effect of the electrostatic attraction of the nucleus on the electron is greater than the internal binding force of the electron, the electron will also release the mass of m photon and return to the original orbit.

Section V Formation of bright and dark line spectra of atoms

Types of atomic spectra. There are two types of atomic spectrum, namely bright line spectrum (emission spectrum) and dark line spectrum (absorption spectrum). It is generally thought that electrons in an atom will fission and release photons when they return from orbits farther away from the nucleus to orbits closer to the nucleus, and a photon will be emitted when an electron fission, and the light emitted by a large number of excited atoms will form several specific bright lines, called bright line spectra or emission spectra.

When the light emitted by the high-temperature object (including the continuous wavelength change of light) passes through the substance, some specific wavelengths of light will be absorbed by the substance, so that the corresponding dark line or dark band will appear on the background of the continuous spectrum, this spectrum is called absorption spectrum, also called dark line spectrum. For example, let the white light from the arc lamp pass through the low temperature sodium vapor (put some salt on the center of the alcohol lamp, salt will be decomposed by heat to produce sodium vapor), and then observe with the spectroscope, you will see in the background of the continuous spectrum there are two dark lines very close together, which is the absorption spectrum of sodium atoms. It is particularly important to point out that each dark line in the absorption spectrum of each atom corresponds to a bright line in the emission spectrum of that atom, which indicates that the light absorbed by the cold gas atom is exactly the light emitted by this atom at high temperatures. Therefore, the spectral lines in the absorption spectrum (dark lines) are also the characteristic spectral lines of atoms, but usually fewer characteristic spectral lines are seen in the absorption spectrum than in the bright line spectrum.

Formation of atomic absorption spectrum (dark line spectrum). Our previous analysis pointed out that the electrons bound by the electrostatic gravity of the nucleus are in a state of hunger, their mass is smaller than the mass of the free electrons, the internal binding force is larger, and the affinity for photons is strong, so they have the possibility of absorbing photons, but the possibility of absorbing photons does not mean that it will definitely absorb photons. Because electrons are constantly torn apart by the electrostatic gravity of the nucleus in the atom, this tearing effect always causes the electron to undergo deformation and fission to release photons. If the mass of the electron in a stable orbit is M, then the electron must be in a peak mass-binding energy state, that is to say, the binding energy inside the electron is very large. If the electron absorbs a photon with a mass of m and forms a new electron with a mass of (M+m), If the new electron of mass (M+m) is not at another peak of the mass-binding energy curve (which often happens because the magic number of electron masses is only a few discontinuous points), then the internal binding force of the new electron of mass (M+m) will not be very large. It may even be much, much smaller than the internal binding force of the mass M electron (or even several orders of magnitude smaller), because the internal binding force of the new mass (M+m) electron is not enough to resist the electrostatic pull of the nucleus, so the newly generated electron is unstable and will quickly "fission" to release the mass m photon. If this action time is very short, from another point of view, it can be considered that the electron cannot absorb this mass of m photons, and it can be considered that the electron hardly absorbs such photons.

According to the mass-binding energy curve of the electron, we know that for an electron of a certain mass in a certain orbit, it can only absorb one or several photons of a certain mass. For example, if the mass of the electron in the closest orbit to the nucleus is 10000 at the beginning, the mass of the photon can be continuously changed from 1 to 1000, and the magic number corresponding to the maximum value of the electron binding energy is 10000, 10030, 100080, 10160, 10330, etc. If there is natural light at this time - photons of continuous mass (energy) change (their mass from 1 to 1000 continuous change) shine on the atom, then at this time the electron is most likely to absorb photons of what mass? Obviously, the absorption rate of electrons is the highest for photons with masses of 30, 80, 160 and 330. Because the electrons combined with these photons form electrons with masses of 10030, 10080, 10160, 10330, respectively, these electrons are relatively stable and the internal binding force is large enough to resist the electrostatic gravity of the nucleus. After the continuous light from 1 to 1000 passes through the atom, several dark lines appear in the continuous spectrum, and these dark lines correspond to photons with masses of 30, 80, 160, and 330.

To continue the previous discussion, when a beam of light passes through an atom, the electron will only absorb photons with masses of 30, 80, 160, and 330, and for other masses, the electron will hardly absorb, or the absorption rate will be very low. When the electron absorbs the mass of 30, 80, 160, 330 photons, the formed new electron mass is 10030, 10080, 10160, 10330, etc., and the mass of 10030 electrons will absorb the mass of 50, 130, 300 photons. An electron with a mass of 10080 will absorb an electron with a mass of 80 and 250, an electron with a mass of 10160 will absorb an electron with a mass of 170, and eventually an electron with a mass of 10,000 will absorb a photon with a mass of 30, 80, 160, 330, 50, 130, 300, 250, 170.

The absorption rate of electrons for photons of different masses is different. When a group of atoms are in the ground state, most of them are in the ground state. Electrons in the ground state have a strong absorption capacity for photons with masses of 30, 80, 160 and 330, while electrons with masses of 10030, 10080, 10160 and 10330 are produced by ground state electrons absorbing photons, and their number is inevitably far less than the number of electrons in the ground state. Therefore, the number of photons with the mass of 50, 130, 300, 250 and 170 absorbed by this part of the electron is also necessarily small, if the number of photons absorbed by the electron is very small, it is not enough to form a dark line in the bright background, at this time this "dark line" we can not observe. This is why there are fewer dark lines in the absorption spectrum of atoms than bright lines in the bright spectrum.

Here is another question worth our attention, that is, since the electron in the atom can absorb the mass of 30, 80, 160, 330 photons, then if there are two masses of 10 and 20 respectively at the same time with the electron, will it be absorbed by the electron? In theory, yes. In the same way, two photons with masses of 20 and 60 can also be absorbed by the electron, that is, if the electron absorbs two photons at the same time and the electron mass is just at the peak of the mass-binding energy curve, the electron will absorb the two photons at the same time to form a new electron with greater mass and can exist stably. In the same way, electrons can absorb three or more photons at the same time. The fact that the electron can absorb does not mean that it must absorb two or more photons, because the probability is so small that it can be ignored in the general discussion. In this way, the dark line in the absorption spectrum of the atom is actually the spectral line corresponding to the photon with a larger probability of electron absorption, and in fact, the electron has a certain absorption rate for photons of various energies, but the absorption rate for photons of specific mass is far greater than that of photons of general mass.

(3) Atomic emission spectra - the formation of bright line spectra. Following the previous hypothesis, if a group of electrons are excited, the absorption rate of electrons for photons of mass 30, 80, 160, 330 is much higher than the absorption rate of electrons for photons of other masses, and because the electrons are relatively stable after absorbing the above-mentioned masses of photons, their survival time in the new orbit is relatively long, so after a group of electrons are excited, The number of electrons of mass 10030, 10080, 10160, 10330 is always more than the number of electrons of other masses, of course, the number of photons of mass 30, 80, 160, 330 after electron fission is also far more than the number of photons of other masses, because of this, there are always certain spectral lines in the luminous spectrum of atoms. Form what we call a bright line spectrum.

As shown in the figure above, for the sake of simplicity, let's assume that the masses of the electrons in the R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, and orbitals are 10000, 10030,100080,10160, and 10330, respectively. Of course, the change in the mass of the electrons may not be so large, but let's just assume that for the sake of discussion. So how many photons can an electron in the R5 orbit radiate? Obviously, when it is disturbed towards the nucleus, it can jump to the R4, R3, R2, and R1 orbitals, then it may emit photons with masses of 170, 250, 300, and 330, respectively.

Similarly, an electron in the R4 orbit may also jump to the R3, R2, and R1 orbitals, so an electron in the R4 orbit may emit photons of 80, 130, and 160 masses.

An electron in R3 may also jump into R2 and R1 orbitals, so an electron in R3 may emit photons with masses of 50 and 80.

An electron in R2 can only jump to R1, so an electron in R2 can only emit one photon of mass 30.

The electron in the R1 orbital is the innermost electron, so it won't transition.

So how many photons can an electron in an R5 orbit give off? Obviously, it may directly jump to R4, R3, R2, R1, but when the electron to R4, R3, R2, there may be two or even three near-nuclear transitions, then it may emit 4+3+2+1 = 10 kinds of photons, that is, if a large number of atoms are excited to the R5 orbital may form 10 bright line spectral lines.

Similarly, an electron in the R4 orbit may emit up to 3+2+1 = 6 photons, possibly forming 6 bright spectral lines.

An electron in R3 can emit up to 2+1 = 3 photons that can form 3 bright spectral lines.

An electron in the R2 orbit may emit at most one photon and may form a bright spectral line.

Electrons in the R1 orbit will not transition inward, so they will not emit photons and will not form bright lines.

Finally, our conclusion is that the electrons in the atom can absorb photons of specific energy, but also can emit photons of specific energy, because the absorption rate of electrons for photons of specific mass is greater than other photons, so there are always several specific spectral lines in the absorption spectrum of the atom appear darker, forming a dark line spectrum; When a large number of atoms emit light, the number of photons of a certain mass emitted by the electron is often greater than the number of photons of other masses, so there are always a few specific spectral lines in the emission spectrum of the atom that appear brighter.

According to the mass of the electron in different orbits can be drawn the mass diagram of the electron in different orbits, as shown in the figure above: the mass of the electron in the free state is the largest, while the mass of the electron under the electrostatic gravitational bondage of the nucleus is smaller, and the closer the electron is to the nucleus, the smaller the mass of the electron is, and the farther the electron is from the nucleus, the greater the mass of the electron. Obviously, the mass change of electrons is mainly formed by the absorption or emission of photons. This means that the inner electron can absorb a photon and jump to the outer orbital, and the outer electron can fission and release the photon back to the inner orbital, and this process can be repeated indefinitely. Since the electron constantly interacts with the photon, so the mass of the electron is also constantly changing, of course, the mass of the atom is also constantly changing, because the electron only accounts for a very small part of the atomic mass, so the electron mass change has not caused us enough attention, but in theory it should be possible to measure this change.

In summary, the electrons in the free state are the most massive, but their internal binding forces are the least and therefore the most prone to fission. When a free electron and a nucleus meet, they begin to attract each other in a straight line under the electrostatic attraction. When the distance between them is small enough, the electrostatic gravitational tearing of the nucleus is strong enough, at this time, the electron will undergo the first fission. After the fission of the electron, the photon is released and it is recoil and pushed away from the nucleus rapidly. At the same time, due to the magnetic force between the nucleus and the electron, the magnetic force makes the electron move along the circular orbit and form a stable orbit. If for some reason the electron is disturbed towards the nucleus and continues to get close to the nucleus, when the electron moves closer to the nucleus, it will undergo a second fission, and after releasing the photon, the electron will be pushed away from the nucleus rapidly by the recoil effect, because the distance between the electron and the nucleus is smaller this time. The electrostatic attraction of the nucleus also has a stronger tearing and destroying effect on the electron, so the mass of the photon released by the electron fission is also larger, and the recoil obtained by the electron will be larger. Obviously, under the action of a strong external force, the electron may continue to move closer to the nucleus, it will continue to happen a third time, a fourth time... The NTH fission, and the energy of the photon released by the first fission of the electron is larger than that of the first fission, and the recoil effect obtained is also increasing. Of course, when the electron has undergone the NTH fission, due to the closest distance between the electron and the nucleus, the binding effect of the electrostatic attraction of the nucleus on the electron is strong enough, and the state of the electron is more difficult to change. For different nuclei, the greater the amount of electricity carried by the nucleus, the greater the electrostatic attraction, and the stronger the tearing effect on electrons, so the more nuclear charge the nucleus can make the electrons fission more times, thus forming more spectral lines.